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. 2021 Nov 17;12(11):1409. doi: 10.3390/mi12111409

Table 1.

Sensing performances of nanomaterial-modified electrochemical biosensor for the detection of miRNAs.

miRNA Nanomaterial Used Linear Range Limit of Detection (LOD) Electrochemical Technique Remark Ref
miR-21 Pd@UiO-66 20 fM to 600 pM 0.713 fM DPV CHA amplification [63]
SWCNT 0.01 to 100 pM 3.5 fM DPV T7 Exonuclease-Assisted Cascade Signal Amplification [58]
AuNPs 0.1 fM to 100 pM 43.3 aM Amperometry Triple amplification via DSN-assisted target recycling combined with gold nanoparticles, and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzymatic catalysis [60]
CNTs 1 fM to 1 μM - DPV Target-induced synthesis of Mg2+-dependent DNAzyme [65]
GO; Pd NPs 1 fM to 50 pM 63.1 aM DPV CHA amplification [62]
AuNPs; CoFe2O4 MNPs 1 fM to 2 nM 0.3 fM SWV Padlock exponential rolling circle amplification (P-ERCA) [61]
GNF@Pt 1 μM to 500 aM 135 aM DPV Relay-race RNA/barcode gold nanoflower hybrid [68]
AuNPs 1 aM to 500 pM 1 aM DPV Exosomal electrochemical properties as electrochemical amplifier bed [56]
AuNRs; CeO2-Au@GOx 1 fM to 1000 fM 0.434 fM DPV - [66]
SWCNTs/dendritic Au 0.01 fM to 1 μM 0.01 fM DPV - [52]
MWCNTs-COOH 0.1 fmol to 5 pmol 56.7 amol DPV Target-recycled non-enzymatic amplification [64]
MoS2-Thionine-AuNPs 1.0 pM to 10.0 nM 0.26 pM SWV - [53]
rGO/Au 0.1 mM to 1 pM 1 pM DPV Smartphone-based portable electrochemical biosensing system [54]
Carbon nanofibers 1 aM to 10 pM 0.5 aM DPV Label-free sensing based on guanine-quadruplex (G-quadruplex) formation [67]
AuNPs; MWCNTs 0.1 to 12000 pM 0.032 pM DPV - [57]
CuCo2O4 100 fM to1 aM 1 aM DPV Virus-like hollow structure of CuCo2O4 filled with p19 protein [55]
MWCNTs@GONRs/AuNPs 0.1 nM to 0.1 fM 0.034 fM DPV DSN amplification [59]
miR-141 AuNPs 0.1 fM to 100 pM 11 aM DPV Dual-amplification: DSN, HCR [72]
CuNPs 0.1 pM to 0.1 fM 0.45 aM DPV T7 Exonuclease-Assisted Cascade Signal Amplification [34]
GO/AuNPs/Gox; Fe3O4 NPs 10 aM to 10 fM 1.4 aM EIS Self-powered system with DSN amplification [70]
miR-155 AuNPs - 3.57 fM SWV Dual amplification via DSN amplification and strand displacement reaction [74]
Ag-PEI NPs 2 × 10−20 to 2 × 10−12 mol 20 zmol CV - [75]
Cu-NMOF@PtNPs 0.50 to 1.0 × 105 fM 0.13 fM SWV Synergistically catalytic nanoprobe coupled with improved cascade strand displacement reaction [76]
AuNPs/Ti3C2 Mxene 10 nM to 1 fM 0.35 fM DPV Exonuclease III-aided cascade target recycling [32]
miR-103 AuNPs 100 fM to 5 nM 100 fM SWV Label-free and reagentless detection [77]
miR-25 Cysteamine-AuNPs 1 pM to 0.1 nM; 0.1 nM to 1 µM 0.25 pM EIS - [78]
AgNPs/SWCNTs 1 pM to 0.1 nM; 0.1 nM to 0.1 10 nM 0.313 pM DPV - [86]
Amino-functionalized GQDs 0.3 nM to 1.0 μM 95.0 pM DPV Accumulation of p-Biphenol [79]
miR-34a GO 5 to 35 μg/mL 7.52 μg/mL DPV - [80]
GO 0 to 10 µg/mL 261.7 nM EIS - [81]
miR-137 ERGO + AuNWs 5 to 750 fM 1.7 fM DPV - [82]
miR-200a L-cysteine functionalized ZnS QDs 1 µM to 10 fM 8.4 fM EIS - [73]
miR-199a-5p GO-AuNRs 15 fM to 148 pM 4.5 fM EIS - [83]
miR-3123 BPNSs/Thionine/Cu-MOF 2 pM to 2 μM 0.3 pM SWV - [84]
miR-3675-3p C60@PAMAM-MOF; Au@PtNPs 10 fM to 10 nM 2.99 fM DPV - [85]
Let-7d AuNPs@Doxorucibin 1 pM to 10 nM 0.17 pM SWV Double-loop hairpin probe [87]
Simultaneous detection: miR-141 and miR-21 Fe3O4 NPs 1 nM to 1 fM 0.44 fM (miR-141)
0.46 fM (miR-21)		 DPV HCR amplification [90]
MoS2/AuNPs/AgNW 1 nM to 1 fM 0.1 fM SWV - [88]
AuNPs; AgNPs 50 to 1000 pM (miR-141);
0.5 to 1000 pM (miR-21)		 10 pM (miR-141);
0.3 pM (miR-21)		 SSWV Neutravidin—biotin affinity [92]
AuNPs/Mxene 500 aM to 50 nM 138 aM (miR-141); 204 aM (miR-21) DPV DSN amplification [89]
Simultaneous detection: miR-21 and let-7a pNHCSs 0.1 nM to 3.16 fM 4.0 fM (miR-141); 0.1 fM (miR-21) EIS High-energy-density biofuel cells for self-powered sensing [93]
UIO-66-NH2 0.01 to 100 pM 8.2 fM (miR-21); 3.6 fM (let-7a) DPV - [91]

AuNPs—gold nanoparticles; DPV—differential pulse voltammetry; DSN—duplex-specific nuclease; HCR—hybridization chain reaction; CuNPs—copper nanoparticles; GO—graphene oxide; Gox—glucose oxidase; EIS—electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; CHA—target-catalytic hairpin assembly; SWCNTs—single-walled carbon nanotubes; CNTs—carbon nanotubes; CoFe2O4 MNPs—CoFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles; SWV—square wave voltammetry; GNF@Pt—gold nanoflower/platinum; AuNRs—gold nanorods; CeO2—cerium dioxide; MWCNTs-COOH—carboxyl multi-walled carbon nanotubes; MoS2—molybdenum disulfide; rGO—reduced graphene oxide; CuCo2O4—nanoporous copper-cobalt oxide hollow spheres; GONRs—graphene oxide nanoribbons; Ag-PEI NPs—polyethyleneimine-silver nanoparticles; CV—cyclic voltammetry; Cu-NMOF—copper-based metal organic framework; PtNPs—platinum nanoparticles; GQDs—graphene quantum dots; ERGO—electrochemically-reduced graphene oxide; AuNWs—gold nanowires; BPNSs—black phosphorus nanosheets; C60—fullerene; SSWV—stripping square wave voltammetry; pNHCSs—nitrogen-doped hollow carbon nanospheres with large pores.