. 2021 Nov 17;10(11):2487. doi: 10.3390/plants10112487

Table 3.

Dimensional and gravimetric parameters for the unsorted seeds and kernels and their three categories, n = 500.

Type	Parameters	Unsorted	Classification Based on Mass
Type	Parameters	Unsorted	Class I	Class II	Class III
Shape and spatial dimension
Seed	L, mm	11.16 ± 0.03 ^b	10.27 ± 0.74 ^d	10.83 ± 0.71 ^c	12.20 ± 0.53 ^a
	W, mm	5.48 ± 0.02 ^b	4.13 ± 0.10 ^d	5.25 ± 0.29 ^c	6.53 ± 0.29 ^a
	T, mm	3.34 ± 0.01 ^b	2.42 ± 0.26 ^d	3.21 ± 0.24 ^c	4.01 ± 0.25 ^a
	D_e, mm	5.88 ± 0.07 ^b	4.67 ± 0.18 ^d	5.66 ± 0.19 ^c	6.83 ± 0.19 ^a
	Ψ, -	0.53 ± 0.01 ^b	0.46 ± 0.03 ^c	0.52 ± 0.03 ^b	0.56 ± 0.02 ^a
	V, mm³	113.88 ± 5.12 ^b	46.83 ± 3.53 ^d	95.60 ± 5.26 ^c	178.80 ± 6.94 ^a
	S, mm²	110.15 ± 2.54 ^b	68.59 ± 5.16 ^d	100.84 ± 6.11 ^c	146.47 ± 8.27 ^a
	A_p, mm²	48.48 ± 0.89 ^b	33.33 ± 2.56 ^d	44.65 ± 3.71 ^c	62.56 ± 4.49 ^a
Kernel	L, mm	8.58 ± 0.63 ^b	7.52 ± 0.48 ^c	8.55 ± 0.51 ^b	9.15 ± 0.41 ^a
	W, mm	3.96 ± 0.25 ^b	3.47 ± 0.21 ^c	3.8 ± 0.28 ^b	4.44 ± 0.28 ^a
	T, mm	2.35 ± 0.16 ^b	2.05 ± 0.18 ^c	2.22 ± 0.17 ^b	2.69 ± 0.19 ^a
	D_ek, mm	4.30 ± 0.13 ^b	3.8 ± 0.15 ^d	4.15 ± 0.11 ^c	4.78 ± 0.12 ^a
	Ψ_k, -	0.50 ± 0.03 ^b	0.50 ± 0.03 ^b	0.49 ± 0.03 ^b	0.52 ± 0.02 ^a
	V_k, mm³	41.05 ± 3.56 ^b	26.99 ± 1.15 ^d	34.99 ± 3.31 ^c	57.02 ± 4.94 ^a
	S_k, mm²	58.39 ± 3.61 ^b	44.37 ± 3.8 ^d	54.20 ± 2.86 ^c	71.66 ± 3.57 ^a
	A_pk, mm²	26.76 ± 2.35 ^b	20.49 ± 1.51 ^c	25.50 ± 2.18 ^b	31.88 ± 2.60 ^a
Gravimetric properties
Seed	M, g	0.0611 ± 0.002 ^b	0.0395 ± 0.001 ^c	0.0569 ± 0.003 ^b	0.07856 ± 0.007 ^a
	p_b, Kg/m³	404.54 ± 2.76 ^b	395.23 ± 2.53 ^c	415.08 ± 2.49 ^b	425.47 ± 3.13 ^a
	p_t, Kg/m³	704.81 ± 1.15 ^a	708.07 ± 4.63 ^a	691.22 ± 1.3 ^b	650.33 ± 2.25 ^c
	φ, Kg/m³	42.60 ± 0.77 ^b	44.18 ± 0.95 ^a	39.95 ± 0.93 ^c	34.58± 0.18 ^d
Kernel	m, g	0.0467 ± 0.003 ^b	0.0292 ± 0.002 ^c	0.0403 ± 0.003 ^b	0.0591 ± 0.004 ^a
	p_b, Kg/m³	525.29 ± 4.03 ^b	414.81 ± 5.29 ^d	484.00 ± 3.05 ^c	598.08 ± 4.43 ^a
	p_t, Kg/m³	1072.13 ± 0.75 ^b	1079.69 ± 0.45 ^a	1074.41 ± 1.21 ^c	1068.60 ± 0.73 ^d
	φ, Kg/m³	51.02 ± 0.03 ^c	61.58 ± 0.02 ^a	54.95 ± 0.05 ^b	44.03 ± 0.04 ^d

L, W, T, M, D_e, ψ, V, S, A_p—length, width, thickness, mass, equivalent diameter, sphericity, volume, surface area and projected area of sunflower seeds; l, w, t, m, D_ek, ψ_k, V_k, S_k, A_pk—length, width, thickness, mass, equivalent diameter, sphericity, volume, surface area and projected area of sunflower kernels; p_b—bulk density; p_t—true density; φ—porosity. Different superscript letters indicated difference at p < 0.05%.