Table 1.
Characteristics of COVID-19 Vaccines Approved by the World Health Organization (WHO).
| Platform. | Vaccine | Sponsor/Manufacturer | Doses | Adverse Reactions | Effect. (%) | Immune Response |
Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inactivated virus | BBIBP-CorV | Sinopharm + China National Biotec Group Co. + Beijing Institute of Biological Products | 2 | Arthralgia, chills, fatigue, fever, headache, injection site pain, lymphadenopathy, myalgia, nausea/vomiting and swelling |
79% | Humoral responses were induced on day 42 and two-dose immunization achieved higher neutralizing antibody titres than the single one | [70,83,84,85] |
| CoronaVac | Sinovac Research and Development Co. | 2 | Injection site pain |
50.7%, 83.7% and 100% against mild, moderate and severe infections, respectively | Right after the second-dose vaccine the seroconversion of neutralizing antibodies was seen for more than 90% of participants in a phase 1/2 clinical trial | [70,83,86] | |
| mRNA- based |
BNT162b2 | Pfizer/BioNTech + Fosun Pharma | 2 | Chills, cough, diarrhea, fatigue, fever, headache, muscle and injection site pains, redness, shortness of breath, sore throat, vomiting and thrombotic events. |
95% | Presented spike-specific IgG antibody production and ACE2 antibody binding inhibition responses; high levels of humoral and T-cell responses in an Asian population; elicits an adaptive humoral and poly-specific cellular immune response against epitopes that are conserved in a broad range of variants, at well-tolerated doses |
[70,84,87,88,89,90] |
| mRNA-1273 | Moderna + National Institute of Allergic and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) | 2 | Arthralgia, chills, fatigue, fever, headache, injection site pain, lymphadenopathy, myalgia, nausea/vomiting, swelling and thrombotic events. |
94% | Despite a slight expected decline in titres of binding and neutralizing antibodies, mRNA-1273 has the potential to provide durable humoral immunity, and also elicited primary CD4 type 1 helper T responses 43 days after the first vaccination | [70,84,90,91] | |
| Viral Vector | AZD122 (ChAdOx1-S) | AstraZeneca + University of Oxford | 2 | Chills, diarrhea, fatigue, fever, headache, injection site pain, nausea, tenderness and thrombotic events. |
70% | Induction of a Th1-biased response characterized by IFN-γ and TNF-α cytokine secretion by CD4+ T-cells and CD8+ T-cell were induced, both after a single dose in a phase 1/2 clinical trial; Increased anti-spike neutralizing antibody titres, Fc-mediated functional antibody responses, antibody-dependent neutrophil/monocyte phagocytosis, complement activation and natural killer cell activation with two-dose vaccine regime. |
[83,92,93,94] |
| Ad26.COV2.S | Janssen Pharmaceutical by Johnson & Johnson |
1 | Fatigue, fever, headache, injection site pain and myalgia |
66% | Neutralizing-antibody titres against wild-type virus were detected in up to 90% of the participants on day 29. Titres remained stable until at least day 71. Both cases occurred after the first vaccine dose in a Phase 1–2a trial. In addition, on day 15, CD4+ T-cell responses were detected up to 60% of the participants with a clear skewing toward type 1 helper T-cells. CD8+ T-cell responses were robust overall. |
[74,83,95] | |
| Convidicea | CanSino Biological Inc./ Beijing Institute of Biotechnology |
1 | Fatigue, fever, headache, injection site pain, muscle pain and myalgia |
65.7% | Humoral responses peaked at day 28 and rapid specific T-cell responses were noted from day 14 post-vaccination. | [84,96] |
Effect.: effectiveness; Ref.: reference.