Table 1.
Characteristics of Included Studies.
| Author (Year) |
Population | n = Per Group | Age (year) |
Intervention | Outcome Measure (Italics Indicate Effect Significant Cr) | Duration | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Supplementation | Training | ||||||
| Aguiar et al. (2013) [27] |
healthy women > 60 years | 18 Cr = 9 Pl = 9 |
Cr: 64 ± 4 Pl: 65 ± 6 |
Cr or Pl: 5 g/day |
RT 3 x/week |
MS: 1RM (bench press, knee extension and biceps curl) BC: DEXA (muscle mass) |
12 weeks |
| Alves et al. (2013) [28] |
healthy older women > 60 years |
22 Cr = 12 Pl = 10 |
Cr: 66.4 ± 5.6 Pl: 63.9 ± 3.8 |
Cr or Pl: 20 g/day for 5 days; followed by 5 g/day |
RT 2 x/week |
MS: 1RM (chest press and leg press) | 24 weeks |
| Bermon et al. (1998) [11] |
healthy older adults | 8 Cr = 4 Pl = 4 |
Cr: 71.0 ± 1.9 Pl: 69.3 ± 0.4 |
Cr: 20 g Cr + 8 g glucose/day for 5 days; followed by 3 g Cr + 2 g glucose/day Pl: 28 g glucose/day for 5 days; followed by 5 g glucose/day |
RT 3 x/week |
MS: 1RM (leg press, chest press and leg extension) | 52 days |
| Brose et al. * (2003) [13] |
healthy older adults (women were postmenopausal) | 13 Cr = 6 Pl = 7 |
Cr: 70.8 ± 6.1 Pl: 69.9 ± 5.6 |
Cr: 5 g Cr/day + 2 g dextrose/day Pl: 7 g dextrose/day |
RT 3 x/week |
MS: 1RM (leg press, chest press, arm flexion and Knee extension) BC: DEXA (muscle mass) |
14 weeks |
| Candow et al. * (2015) [14] |
healthy ≥ 50 years older adults (women were postmenopausal) |
22 Cr = 13 Pl = 9 |
56 ± 5 | Cr: 0.1 g Cr/kg/day Pl: 0.1 g malt/kg/day |
RT 3 x/week |
MS: 1RM (Cr before and after—leg press and chest press) BC: DEXA (Cr after—muscle mass) |
32 weeks |
| Chilibeck et al. (2015) [29] |
postmenopausal women | 33 Cr = 15 Pl = 18 |
Cr: 57 ± 4 Pl: 57 ± 7 |
Cr: 0.1 g Cr/kg/day Pl: 0.1 g malt/kg/day |
RT 3 x/week |
MS: 1RM (bench press and hack squat) BC: DEXA (muscle mass) |
52 weeks |
| Gualano et al. (2014) [30] | postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis |
30 Cr = 15 Pl = 15 |
Cr: 67.1 ± 5.6 Pl: 63.6 ± 3.6 |
Cr or Pl: 20 g/day for 5 days; followed by 5 g/day |
RT 2 x/week |
MS: 1RM (bench press and leg press) BC: DEXA (muscle mass) |
24 weeks |
| Johannsmeyer et al. * (2016) [25] |
Older adults (women were postmenopausal) | 14 Cr = 7 Pl = 7 |
Cr: 59 ± 3 Pl: 58 ± 6 |
Cr: 0.1 g Cr + 0.1 g dextrose/kg/day Pl: 0.2 g dextrose/kg/day |
RT 3 x/week |
MS: 1RM (leg press, chest press, hack Squat and lateral pull-down) BC: DEXA (muscle mass) |
12 weeks |
| Neves et al. (2011) [31] | postmenopausal women with knee osteoarthritis | 24 Cr = 3 Pl = 11 |
Cr: 58 ± 3 Pl: 56 ± 3 |
Cr or Pl: 20 g/day for 7 days; followed by 5 g/day | RT 3 x/week |
MS: 1RM (leg press) BC: DEXA (muscle mass, lower limb muscle mass) |
12 weeks |
| Pinto et al. (2016) [12] |
healthy older adults | 27 Cr = 13 Pl = 14 |
Cr: 67.4 ± 4.7 Pl: 67.1 ± 6.3 |
Cr: 5 g Cr/day Pl: 5 g malt/day |
RT 3 x/week |
MS: 10RM (bench press and leg press) BC: DEXA (muscle mass) |
12 weeks |
* From the studies that included males and females, only data on females were extracted. Cr, creatine; Pl, placebo; malt, maltodextrin; RT, resistance training; MS, muscle strength; 1RM, 1—repetition maximum; 10RM, 10—repetition maximum; BC, body composition.