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. 2021 Nov 4;11(11):2953. doi: 10.3390/nano11112953

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a) The number of disordered atoms and the corresponding microstructure evolution. (b) Fraction of the disordered atoms in final state versus incident kinetic energy. (c) Evolution of nonaffine squared displacement (NSD) and shear stress with time (u_b = 2 km/s). (d) Nonaffine squared displacement caused by different initial kinetic energy. Atoms are color-coded by their local lattice structure [FCC (green), HCP (red) and disordered (white)] as obtained from dislocation extraction algorithm (DXA).