Table 2.
Comparisons among the three groups of participants on somatosensory sensitivity, motor function, and balance.
| Dependent Variables |
FM (n = 60) |
CLBP (n = 60) |
Pain-Free Controls (n = 60) |
p-Values | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± sd (Range) |
All Groups | FM—CLBP | FM—Pain-Free Controls | CLBP—Pain-Free Controls | η | Cohen’s d | |||
| Fibromyalgia impact questionnaire (0–100) | 80.3 ± 11.49 (77.49–83.11) |
59.66 ± 14.22 (56.85–62.47) |
13.36 ± 5.46 (10.55–16.16) |
p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | 0.868 | 1.597 |
| McGill Pain Questionnaire, Subscale A (0–30) |
210.05± 9.88 (19.41–22.68) |
12.85 ± 4.96 (11.21–14.28) |
0.53 ± 1.18 (–1.10–2.17) |
p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | 0.637 | 10.049 |
| McGill Pain Questionnaire, Subscale B (0–10) |
7.95± 0.85 (7.63–8.25) |
6.26 ± 1.42 (5.96–6.57) |
0.49 ± 1.26 (0.18–0.79) |
p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | 0.877 | 1.419 |
| McGill Pain Questionnaire, Subscale C (0–5) |
40.00± 0.37 (3.54–4.45) |
2.75 ± 0.70 (2.29–3.20) |
0.97 ± 2.97 (0.45–1.35) |
p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | 0.342 | 2.224 |
| Pressure pain sensitivity epicondyles (N) (0–100) | 26.43 ± 13.46 (220.02–30.86) |
55.95 ± 20.71 (51.53–60.37) |
73.26 ± 17.11 (68.84–77.68) |
p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | 0.558 | −1.690 |
| Pressure pain sensitivity greater trochanters (N) (0–100) |
29.47 ± 11.59 (24.77–34.17) |
45.78 ± 20.35 (410.08–50.48) |
87.59 ± 21.74 (82.89–92.29) |
p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | 0.641 | −0.985 |
| Pressure pain sensitivity index fingers (N) (0–100) |
37.64 ± 150.02 (33.49–41.78) |
380.06 ± 14.51 (33.91–42.20) |
78.78 ± 18.89 (74.64–82.93) |
p < 0.001 | p>0.05 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | 0.589 | −0.028 |
| Vibration thresholds index fingers (vibration units) | 3.52 ± 0.82 (3.33–3.70) |
3.21 ± 0.81 (30.02–3.39) |
1.61 ± 0.50 (1.42–1.79) |
p < 0.001 | p < 0.05 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | 0.573 | 0.368 |
| Vibration thresholds toes (vibration units) |
4.51 ± 0.81 (4.29–4.71) |
4.14 ± 10.01 (3.94–4.35) |
2.18 ± 0.56 (1.97–2.38) |
p < 0.001 | p < 0.05 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | 0.615 | 0.404 |
| Berg scale (0–56) |
28.12 ± 4.84 (26.77–29.46) |
33.15 ± 7.59 (31.80–34.49) |
55.57 ± 1.63 (54.22–56.91) |
p < 0.001 | p < 0.005 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | 0.838 | −0.792 |
| Six-minute walking test (m) |
363.8 ± 61.48 (344.3–383.2) |
401.3 ± 93.70 (381.8–420.7) |
611.7 ± 70.17 (592.2–631.1) |
p < 0.001 | p < 0.005 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | 0.675 | −0.473 |
| Timed Up and Go Test (s) |
17.58 ± 4.83 (16.70–18.46) |
13.18 ± 3.20 (12.30–140.06) |
7.70 ± 1.56 (6.82–8.58) |
p < 0.001 | p < 0.005 | p < 0.005 | p < 0.005 | 0.580 | 10.074 |
| Isometric back muscle strength (kiloponds) | 29.25 ± 9.81 (23.59–34.90) |
420.08 ± 25.70 (36.43–47.73) |
120.4 ± 26.81 (114.7–1260.0) |
p < 0.001 | p < 0.05 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | 0.770 | −0.660 |
| Borg scale (0–10) |
6.63 ± 1.48 (6.27–6.99) |
40.02 ± 1.67 (3.65–4.38) |
10.09 ± 10.06 (0.73–1.46) |
p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | 0.719 | 1.654 |
| Mean sway velocity (cm/s) |
0.019 ± 0.009 (0.017–0.020) |
0.011 ± 0.005 (0.010–0.013) |
0.007 ± 0.001 (0.006–0.009) |
p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | 0.363 | 1.143 |
| Mediolateral body sway (cm) |
0.013 ± 0.009 (0.011–0.014) |
0.007 ± 0.005 (0.005–0.008) |
0.003 ± 0.001 (0.001–0.005) |
p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.01 | p < 0.01 | 0.261 | 0.714 |
| Anteroposterior body sway (cm) |
0.015 ± 0.008 (0.014–0.017) |
0.011 ± 0.006 (0.009–0.012) |
0.008 ± 0.002 (0.006–0.009) |
p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 | 0.209 | 0.571 |
| Gait velocity (cm/s) | 2.78 ± 0.99 (2.50–30.05) |
2.81 ± 10.09 (2.53–30.09) |
3.67 ± 1.14 (3.40–3.95) |
p < 0.001 | p < 0.05 | p < 0.02 | p < 0.02 | 0.130 | −0.038 |
| Stride length (cm) | 0.93 ± 0.33 (0.84–10.02) |
0.97 ± 0.41 (0.88–10.06) |
1.22 ± 0.34 (1.13–1.32) |
p < 0.001 | p < 0.05 | p < 0.02 | p < 0.02 | 0.115 | −0.108 |
| Percentage of time in the stance phase (%) |
67.17 ± 10.42 (65.31–690.04) |
68.44 ± 5.49 (66.58–70.31) |
65.38 ± 4.62 (63.52–67.24) |
p < 0.001 | p < 0.05 | p < 0.02 | p < 0.02 | 0.029 | −0.152 |
| Percentage of time in the swing phase (%) |
31.66 ± 5.87 (30.29–330.04) |
31.69 ± 5.62 (30.31–330.07) |
34.58 ± 4.64 (33.21–35.96) |
p < 0.001 | p < 0.05 | p < 0.02 | p < 0.02 | 0.062 | −0.005 |
FM: fibromyalgia; CLBP: chronic low back pain; N: newtons; cm: centimeters; s: seconds.