Table 1.

Mold-induced exacerbation of underlying disease.

Mold	Mold Component	Species	Disease/ Model	Measured Surrogate Marker	Outcome	Source
Increased Asthma severity
A. fumigatus	Spores	Human	Asthma	Total serum IgE ↑ Blood eosinophils (cells/µL) ↑ FEV1/FVC (%) ↓	Asthma severity increased	[50]
Penicillium spp.	Spores	Human	Asthma	FEV1/FVC (%) ↓	Asthma severity increased	[50]
n.a.	GTX Patulin	Mouse	Allergic asthma/ OVA-model	Airway inflammation ↑ OVA-IgE ↑ BAL eosinophils ↑	Asthma severity increased	[54]
Involved in autoimmune response
Mold water damage	n.a.	Human	n.a.	IgG neuronal antibodies against microtubule-associated protein-2, myelin basic protein, tau, glial fibrillary acidic protein, tubulin, and S-100B	No clincial outcome	[57]
n.a.	GTX	Mouse	EAE	Neuroinflammation ↑ Demyelination ↑	Aggravation of autoimmune encephalomyelitis	[58]
A. fumigatus	A. fumigatus antigens (I and VIII)	Human	RA	IgG ↑ IgA ↑	Stronger sensitization than control subjects	[62]
n.a.	OTA DON	Mouse	RA DBA1 model	IgG1 ↑ IG2a ↑ Pro-inflammatory cytokines ↑	Clinical severity score ↑	[63]
Trigger of IBD
S. chartarum	Trichothecene group	Human	CU/CSF HLA-DR/DQ susceptible	Mycotoxin test in urine-positive	Pancreatitis improved after withdrawn	[65]
n.a.	DON	Rat	CU DSS model	Morphological damage in colon ↑ Colonic inflammation ↑	Exacerbation of onset and symptoms of DSS-induced colitis	[67]
Worsening of HIV condition
Aspergillus spp.	AFB1	Human	HIV-positive adults	Plasma aflatoxin B1 ↑ HIV-1 RNA ↑	Higher viral loads in HIV-positive humans with higher AF-ALB	[69,70]