Table 2.
Metabolomics in Breast Cancer. This is a summary of multiple studies used metabolomics to study breast cancer in different biological matrices (√).
| Biological Materials | Approach (Targeted/Untargeted) | Altered Metabolites and Metabolic Pathways | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cell Line | Tissue | |||
| √ | GC–TOFMS (Targeted) | Increased beta-alanine, 2-hydroyglutarate, glutamate, xanthine, and decreased glutamine in ER− subtype compared to ER+ Beta-alanine has shown the most significant change between breast cancer ER− and ER+ |
[55] | |
| √ | LC-/MRM-MS GC-MS (Targeted and Untargeted) |
Up-regulation of histidine, glutamine, tyrosine, creatine, phenylalanine, lactic acid, adonitol, glutamic acid, and downregulation of 3,7-cholest-5-ene. The study identified tryptophan, tyrosine, and creatine, in serum and tissue as potential markers for invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). | [60] | |
| √ | GC-MS | cytidine-5-monophosphate/pentadecanoic acid metabolic ratio was a significant discriminator between cancer and normal tissues | [62] | |
| √ | NMR FT-ICR-MS |
glutaminolysis is connected to pyrimidine ring synthesis in all cell types anaplerotic pyruvate carboxylation was activated in breast cancer versus primary cells |
[70] | |
| √ | LC-MS/MS (Targeted) | Glycine biosynthetic pathway was highly correlated with fast proliferating breast cancer cells | [71] | |
| √ | √ | LC-MS, GC-MS (Targeted) | Higher level of aspartate in breast cancer tissues than adjacent non-tumor tissues, MCF-7 cell line than in MCF-10A cells | [72] |
| √ | MALDI MSI (Targeted) |
Adenosine diphosphate, adenosine monophosphate, adenosine triphosphate, aspartate, citrate, deoxycytidine diphosphate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, glutamate, glutathione, glutathione disulfide, guanosine diphosphate, N-acetylaspartate, NADH, UDP-glucose, DP-N-acetylglucosamine, UDP, UMP | [73] | |
| √ | GC-TOF-MS (UPLC-MS) |
Phospholipids, including PtdCho-s, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylinositol, sphingomyelin, triglycerides | [75,76] | |
| √ | LC-ESI-MS/NMR (Targeted) |
Up-regulation of choline, phosphocholine, glycerophosphocholine | [77] | |
| √ | HR MAS MRS (Untargeted) |
Up-regulation of phosphocholine, glycine, taurine, creatine, lactate, ascorbate, and downregulation of glucose | [78] | |
√ indicates type of biological material used in the study.