Figure 7.

The potential molecular mechanisms of IPA-promoted muscle cell proliferation and reduced inflammation. Briefly, C. sporogenes produces anti-inflammatory metabolite IPA by changes in tryptophan metabolism. IPA promotes muscle cell proliferation by activating the myogenic regulatory factor signaling pathway. Moreover, IPA reduced cell inflammation and ensuing proinflammatory factors’ secretion through activating anti-inflammatory miR-26A targeting IL-1β in C2C12 cells. Those decreased proinflammatory cytokines from the muscle cells would reduce the occurrence of muscle inflammation.