Table 1.
Clinical characteristics.
| Patient Characteristics | Hypomagnesemia Cohort (n = 13,320) | Hypermagnesemia Cohort (n = 4671) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 3 | p-Value | Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | p-Value | |
| (n = 3446) | (n = 4351) | (n = 5523) | (n = 2445) | (n = 2226) | |||
| Age (years) | 66.0 ± 13.5 | 48.2 ± 15.9 | 67.9 ± 13.4 | <0.001 | 59.5 ± 17.4 | 71.9 ± 14.6 | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 1458 (42) | 1848 (42) | 2987 (54) | <0.001 | 1444 (59) | 1399 (63) | 0.008 |
| Race | <0.001 | 0.72 | |||||
| -White | 3208 (93) | 3810 (88) | 5196 (94) | 2198 (90) | 2016 (91) | ||
| -Black | 40 (1) | 109 (3) | 64 (1) | 53 (2) | 43 (2) | ||
| -Others | 198 (6) | 432 (10) | 263 (5) | 194 (8) | 167 (8) | ||
| Principal diagnosis | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| -Cardiovascular | 408 (12) | 443 (10) | 1084 (20) | 863 (35) | 718 (32) | ||
| -Endocrine/metabolic | 133 (4) | 136 (3) | 218 (4) | 83 (3) | 126 (6) | ||
| -Gastrointestinal | 433 (13) | 829 (19) | 466 (8) | 247 (10) | 231 (10) | ||
| -Genitourinary | 184 (5) | 94 (2) | 332 (6) | 16 (0.7) | 335 (15) | ||
| -Hematology/oncology | 1163 (34) | 1082 (25) | 1632 (30) | 283 (12) | 157 (7) | ||
| -Infectious disease | 334 (10) | 226 (5) | 159 (3) | 67 (3) | 141 (6) | ||
| -Respiratory | 131 (4) | 85 (2) | 254 (5) | 152 (6) | 139 (6) | ||
| -Injury/poisoning | 363 (11) | 828 (19) | 649 (12) | 293 (12) | 187 (8) | ||
| -Other | 297 (9) | 628 (14) | 729 (13) | 441 (18) | 192 (9) | ||
| Charlson Comorbidity Score | 3.4 ± 3.0 | 1.3 ± 1.9 | 2.7 ± 2.6 | <0.001 | 1.4 ± 1.9 | 3.2 ± 2.8 | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| -Hypertension | 2400 (70) | 944 (22) | 4101 (74) | <0.001 | 1088 (44) | 1621 (73) | <0.001 |
| -Diabetes mellitus | 1169 (34) | 455 (10) | 1835 (33) | <0.001 | 282 (12) | 862 (39) | <0.001 |
| -Coronary artery disease | 788 (23) | 190 (4) | 1493 (27) | <0.001 | 451 (18) | 933 (42) | <0.001 |
| -Congestive heart failure | 215 (6) | 67 (2) | 398 (7) | <0.001 | 203 (8) | 614 (28) | <0.001 |
| -Peripheral vascular disease | 170 (5) | 50 (1) | 256 (5) | <0.001 | 49 (2) | 204 (9) | <0.001 |
| -Stroke | 240 (7) | 96 (2) | 547 (10) | <0.001 | 164 (7) | 312 (14) | <0.001 |
| -End-stage kidney disease | 278 (8) | 38 (1) | 458 (8) | <0.001 | 19 (0.8) | 270 (12) | <0.001 |
| -Dementia | 36 (1) | 14 (0.3) | 80 (1) | <0.001 | 26 (1) | 79 (4) | <0.001 |
| -COPD | 410 (12) | 136 (3) | 676 (12) | <0.001 | 232 (9) | 393 (18) | <0.001 |
| -Cirrhosis | 178 (5) | 132 (3) | 187 (3) | <0.001 | 58 (2) | 132 (6) | <0.001 |
| -Cancer | 1699 (49) | 1087 (25) | 2071 (37) | <0.001 | 414 (17) | 597 (27) | <0.001 |
| -Leukemia/lymphoma | 142 (4) | 123 (3) | 293 (5) | <0.001 | 117 (5) | 90 (4) | 0.22 |
| Alcohol use | 234 (7) | 393 (9) | 213 (4) | <0.001 | 162 (7) | 107 (5) | 0.008 |
| Laboratory test | |||||||
| -eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 67 ± 29 | 101 ± 23 | 63 ± 26 | <0.001 | 81 ± 25 | 28 ± 16 | <0.001 |
| -Potassium (mEq/L) | 3.9 ± 0.6 | 3.9 ± 0.5 | 4.3 ± 0.6 | <0.001 | 4.2 ± 0.6 | 4.8 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
| -Magnesium (mg/dL) | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | <0.001 | 2.6 ± 0.4 | 2.7 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| -Albumin (g/dL) | 3.2 ± 0.5 | 3.1 ± 0.5 | 3.7 ± 0.4 | <0.001 | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 3.4 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| -Total calcium (mg/dL) | 8.3 ± 0.8 | 8.2 ± 0.6 | 9.2 ± 0.7 | <0.001 | 9.3 ± 0.6 | 9.0 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
| -Phosphorus (mg/dL) | 3.7 ± 1.0 | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 3.8 ± 0.9 | <0.001 | 3.7 ± 0.7 | 5.0 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
| Medication | |||||||
| -ACEI/ARB | 1629 (47) | 557 (13) | 3047 (55) | <0.001 | 789 (32) | 1172 (53) | <0.001 |
| -Diuretics | 1524 (44) | 699 (16) | 2602 (47) | <0.001 | 1007 (41) | 1150 (70) | <0.001 |
| Acute kidney injury | 830 (24) | 179 (4) | 1431 (26) | <0.001 | 156 (6) | 1947 (87) | <0.001 |