Table 1.

List of genes and their expression associated with various genetic traits contributing to heterotic effect in different plant species.

Gene	Crop/Plant	Arabidopsis Orthologue	Expression State	Impact	Reference
ZAR1 (Zea mays ARGOS1)	Maize	ARGOS (Auxin Regulated Gene involved in Organ Size)	Overexpression	Increased organ size Increased Yield Improved drought tolerance	[29]
CNR1 (Cell Number Regulator 1)	Maize		Silencing	Increased plant size Increased organ size	[29]
SFT (SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS)	Tomato	FT (FLOWERING LOCUS T)	Loss-of-function mutation	Enhanced yield	[28]
AP2/EREBP (APETALA 2/ethylene responsive element binding protein)	Arabidopsis		Over-expression	Cell proliferation Enhanced heterotic effect	[30]
CCA1 (CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1)	Arabidopsis		Epigenetic modification	Increased vigor in plant development Increased biomass production	[8]
LHY (LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL)	Arabidopsis		Epigenetic modification	Increased vigour in plant development Increased biomass production	[8]

Abbreviation for Gene names are capital letters and italicized, the respective full-forms are mentioned in parenthesis ().