Table 1.

Main Characteristics of the Included Studies.

Study	EG/CG	BCI modality	Experimental intervention	Control intervention	Intervention period	Feature	Stroke phase	MI/IM	Outcome measures	Follow-up (weeks)
Ang et al 37	6/8 HK/7SAT	EEG	BCI-HK 1 h BCI + 30 min TAAM	HK:1 h HK + 30 min TAAM; SAT:1.5 h TAAM	6 weeks, 18 sessions	FBCSP	Chronic	MI	FMA-UE	24
Ang et al 9	11/14	EEG	BCI-MIT-Manus robot 1.5 h 136 repetitions	MIT-Manus robot 1.5 h 1040 repetitions	4 weeks, 12 sessions	FBCSP	Chronic	MI	FMA-UE	12
Ang et al. 10	10/9	EEG	20 min tDCS + 1 h BCI- MIT-Manus robot	20 min sham tDCS + 1 h sham BCI	2 weeks, 10 sessions	FBCSP	Chronic	MI	FMA-UE	4
Biasiucci et al 17	14/13	EEG	BCI-FES 1 h	Sham BCI-FES 1 h	5 weeks, 10 sessions	Band power	Chronic	IM	FMA-UE, ESS, MRC, MAS	36
Cheng et al 42	5/5	EEG	BCI-assisted soft robotic glove 90 min + 30 min SAT	Soft robotic glove 90 min + 30 min SAT	6 weeks, 18 sessions	FBCSP	Chronic	MI	FMA-UE, ARAT	24
Frolov et al 39	36/11	EEG	BCI-exoskeleton 30 min + SPT	Sham BCI 30 min	2 weeks, 10 sessions	Band power	Chronic	MI	FMA-UE, ARAT	N/A
Kim et al 40	15/15	EEG	BCI-FES 30 min + 30 min AOT	AOT 30 min	4 weeks, 12 sessions BCI. 20 sessions AOT	Band power	Chronic	IM	FMA-UE, MAL, MBI	N/A
Li et al 8	7ne;7nc	EEG	BCI-FES 1–1.5 h + CON	FES 20 min + CON	8 weeks, 24 sessions BCI/FES and 40 sessions CON	CSP	Subacute	MI	FMA-UE, ARAT	N/A
Mihara et al 12	10/10	fNIRS	BCI-visual feedback 20 min + 120 min NDT	Sham BCI 20 min + 120 min NDT	2 weeks, 6 sessions BCI/Sham, 14 sessions NDT	Band power	Subacute	MI	FMA-UE, ARAT, MAL	2
Pichiorri et al 41	14/14	EEG	BCI-virtual hand 1 h	MI, 1 h	4 weeks, 12 sessions	Band power	Subacute	MI	FMA-UE	N/A
Ramos-Murguialday et al 11	16/16	EEG	BCI-orthosis 1 h + 1 h BPT	Sham BCI-orthosis 1 h + 1 h BPT	4 weeks, 20 sessions	Band power	Chronic	IM	FMA-UE GAS, MAL	26
Wu et al 13	14/11	EEG	BCI-exoskeleton 1 h + 1 h routine training	Routine training 2 h	4 weeks, 20 sessions	Band power	Subacute	MI	FMA-UE ARAT, WMFT	N/A

Abbreviations: AOT, action observational training; ARAT, action research arm test; BCI, brain–computer Interface; BPT, behavioral physical therapy; CG, control group; CON, conventional therapy; CSP, common spatial pattern; EG, experimental group; EES, European stroke scale score; GAS, goal attainment scale; FBCSP, filter bank common spatial pattern; fNIRS, functional near-infrared spectroscopy; FES, functional electrical stimulation; FMA-UE, Fugl-Meyer assessment upper extremity; IM, intention of movement; HK, haptic knob; MAL, motor activity long; MAS, modified Ashworth scale; MBI, modified Barthel index; MI, motor imagery; MRC, medical research council; N/A, not available; NDT, neurodevelopmental treatment; SAT, standard activity therapy; SPT, standard physical therapy; TAAM, therapist-assisted arm mobilization; tDCS, transcranial direct-current stimulation; WMFT, Wolf motor function test.