(A) Drug release profiles for polypyrrole inverse-opal dexamethasone phosphate films and conventional nonporous polypyrrole dexamethasone phosphate films. Following 24 h of a passive release, 1 h periods of electrical stimulation were applied (arrowed time points) at 24 and 48 h (n = 3, mean ± standard error) and (B) control drug release profiles, without electrical stimulation, for PPy IO–DexP and conventional PPy–DexP films (n = 3, mean ± standard error). Using electro-responsive macroporous polypyrrole scaffolds for triggered dexamethasone delivery. Reprinted with permission from ref. [128]. Copyright 2015 Elsevier.