Table 4.

Comparison of Different Doses of Quercetin and Its Derivatives as a Cardioprotective Agent

Compound Name	Experimental Model and Dose	Mechanism	Pharmacological Effect	References
Quercetin	Isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats (20 mg/kg)	Decrease reactive oxygen species and levels of calpain	Decrease inflammation and oxidative stress	[56]
	Diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats (10–50 mg/kg)	Decrease troponin levels, low-density lipoproteins, caspases 3 and 9	Decrease cardiac damage, inflammation, apoptosis and increase cell viability	[46]
Troxerutin	In vivo rat model by inducing ischemia-reperfusion (150 mg/kg)	Decrease levels of IL-1b, ICAM-1 and TNF-alpha	Decrease infarct size, arrhythmia and inflammation ultimately increase cardiac function	[76]
Iso-quercetin	In vitro assay on H9c2 cells by inducing ischemia-reperfusion (20–80 µM/mL)	Decrease ROS generation and cytochrome-c release	Increase cell viability and mitochondrial protection. Also, decrease apoptosis	[18]
Isorhamnetin	In vitro assay on H9c2 cells by inducing ischemia-reperfusion (10–40 µM/mL)	Decrease caspases 3, cytochrome-c release and reactive oxygen species	Enhance mitochondrial protection and decrease oxidative damage	[43]
Dihydro-quercetin	In vitro assay (H9c2 cells) and in vivo rat model by inducing ischemia-reperfusion (5–20 µM/mL)	Decrease apoptosis and oxidative stress	Decrease ROS, ER stress and PI3K/Akt	[92]