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(a) Serum creatinine (Cre) and (b) Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) levels after renal pelvis injection of messenger RNA (mRNA) or plasmid DNA (pDNA). The blood was collected on day 1 and day 7 after the injection of naked pDNA, naked mRNA (Luc2), or mRNA-loaded polylplex nanomicelles. Serum Cre and BUN levels were measured using a DRI-CHEM NX-700 analyser. Data are represented as mean + SD (n = 4–5).
