Figure 9.

Anti-biofilm activity of PapMA-3 in combination with antibiotics. Biofilms were quantified by staining with crystal violet. (A) Absorbance of crystal violet-stained biofilms with treatment of PapMA-3 and antibiotics at a concentration range of 32 to 512 μg·mL⁻¹, assessed at 595 nm. (B) Confirmation of anti-biofilm activity against CRAB C1 at log scale concentrations (from 1 to 512 μg·mL⁻¹) of PapMA-3 and antibiotics, comparative calculation result with CTL of 0% without peptide or antibiotics. (C) Synergistic anti-biofilm activities of PapMA-3 and antibiotics against CRAB C1, assessed based on absorbance at 595 nm. CRAB C1 without peptides or antibiotics served as the control (red). Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s comparison test. The values are expressed as the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments and are statistically significant at ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001. ns, not significant.