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. 2021 Nov 10;22(22):12163. doi: 10.3390/ijms222212163

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Pristane-induced arthritis upregulates BMP-7 and Gremlin expression in synovial tissue in female rats more than in male rats. (A) Representative immunohistochemical pictures show staining with anti-BMP-7 and anti-Gremlin antibodies in paraffin-embedded sections of metatarsophalangeal joints obtained from male and female DA rats: control (treated with saline); PIA onset (between 9th and 12th day after induction); PIA peak (between 16th and 20th day after induction); PIA remission (between 20th and 25th day after induction). BMP-7 is expressed in stromal cells and synovial lining cells. *gender differences in immunohistochemical staining of stroma; arrows: gender differences in immunohistochemical staining of synovial lining cell layer. (B,C) BMP-7 and Gremlin immunoreactivity in synovial tissue of metatarsophalangeal joints. Immunohistochemical staining quantification was performed using Cell F v3.1 software analysis on 12 regions of interest (3 slides/rat × 6 rats/group). Values are expressed as mean grey value ± SD (N = 24). One-way ANOVA followed by the post hoc Scheffé test: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001. Scale bars indicate 50 μm.