Table 1.

Impact of hyperglycemia and different types of dyslipidemia on TB susceptibility.

Host	Hyperglycemia	Impact on TB Susceptibility	Refs.
Human	T2D patient with high HbA1c (≥9%)	Elevated risk of infection and hospitalisation, increased mortality, lower rate of sputum culture conversion	[29,41,42]
	T2D patients with controlled HbA1c (≤8%)	Reduced risk of hospitalisation, faster sputum culture conversion time	[41,43]
	MDMs from obese humans	Higher antigen-presenting capacity to stimulate T cells	[53]
	Monocytes, MDMs from T2D patients	Compromised capacity for killing intracellular Mtb, lower expression of HLA-DR and CD68, HLA-DR expression correlated negatively with HbA1c, VLDL-C and triglyceride concentrations, but HLA-DR and CD68 correlated positively with HDL-C	[53,54,55]
Mouse	Chronic hyperglycemia (≥12 weeks); STZ model	Higher bacterial burden and higher inflammation in the lungs compared to acute hyperglycemia (STZ treatment for 4–9 weeks)	[46,47]
	Pre-diabetes (≤8% HbA1c); impaired glucose tolerance; HFD model	Trend towards higher Mtb burden in animals with impaired glucose tolerance, significantly higher lung pathology scores and impaired cytokine responses	[39]
Host	Dyslipidemia	Impact on TB susceptibility	Refs.
Human	Low TC	Associated with an increased risk of TB disease	[67]
	Low TC, HDL-C, LDL-C	Associated with more extensive lung lesions on chest radiographs/CT scans, higher degree of smear positivity	[68,69]
	High TC, HDL-C, LDL-C	Associated with lower all-cause and infection-related mortality, reduced levels of inflammation markers	[70]
Mouse	High TC	Associated with delayed expression of adaptive immunity	[77]

TC, total cholesterol; VLDL-C, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; STZ, streptozotocin; HFD, high fat diet.