Table 1.

Research on printing parameters.

Authors	Materials		Methods	Dimensions & Testing Standards			Outcomes
	Base	Addition		Tensile	Flexural	Compressive
Es-Said et al. (2000) [36]	ABS	-	Variation of raster angle	ASTM D638	ASTM D790	-	UTS: ~20.6 MPa, at 0° raster angle. FS: ~44.4 MPa, at 0° raster angle.
Rodriguez et al. (2001) [37]	ABS	-	Variation of the air gap	ASTM D3039	-	-	The printed parts had a lower modulus and strength by 11–37% and 2–57%, respectively, compared to the single filament.
Ahn et al. (2002) [21]	ABS	-	Variation of raster angles for tensile test; Horizontal & vertical builds for compression, compared to the samples obtained from injection molding (IM)	ASTM D3039	-	Not standardized	UTS IM: 26 MPa, UTS FFF: 10–3% of IM; The greatest UTS occurred at the sample with a 0° angle. CS IM: ~40 MPa, CS FFF: 80–90% of IM. The greatest CS occurred at the sample with the horizontal build.
Bellini and Güçeri (2003) [38]	ABS	-	Variation of build orientations and criss-cross raster angle	ASTM D5937	-	-	When the tensile load was in-line with the fiber orientation, the tensile strengths of each sample was not much different from one another. If the fiber orientation was not in-line to the tensile load applied, the load bearing role was carried out by the interlayer bonding of adjacent filaments.
Lee et al. (2007) [39]	ABS	-	Vertical & horizontal build	-	-	ASTM D695	CS: 41.26 MPa at a horizontal build—11.6% higher than the CS of the sample prepared with a vertical build.
Sood et al. (2010) [29]	ABS	-	Variation of layer thickness, orientation, raster angle, raster width, and air gap	ISO R527	ISO R178	-	UTS: ~39.24 MPa, at 0.127 mm layer thickness, 30° orientation, 60° raster angle, 0.4064 mm raster width, and 0.0080 mm air gap. FS: ~18.09 MPa, at 0.127 mm layer thickness, 30° orientation, 60° raster angle, 0.4064 mm raster width, and 0.0080 mm air gap
Sood et al. (2012) [40]	ABS	-	Variation of layer thickness, orientation, raster angle, raster width, and air gap	-	-	ISO R291	CS 17.475 MPa, at 0.254 mm layer thickness, 0.036° orientation, 59.44° raster angle, 0.422 mm raster width, and 0.00026 mm air gap.
Jami et al. (2013) [41]	ABS	-	Variation of build orientation on dynamic compressive strength	-	-	Not standardized	Dynamic CS: ~80 MPa, at vertical orientation.
Durgun and Ertan (2014) [42]	ABS	-	Variation of build orientation and raster angle (H = Horizontal, V = Vertical, P = Perpendicular)	ISO R527	ISO R178	-	UTS: ~35 MPa, at H-0°, but lower modulus (~2 GPa), Elastic Modulus: ~2.5 GPa, at P-90°, but lower strength (~20 MPa). FS: ~60 MPa, at V-0°.
Lanzotti et al. (2015) [43]	PLA	-	Variation of build orientation, raster angle, and layer thickness	ASTM D638	-	-	UTS: 53.59 MPa at 0° raster angle with 0.15 mm layer thickness and horizontal build.
Ziemian et al. (2015) [44]	ABS	>-	Variation of raster angle, compared to injection molding (IM)	ASTM D638	-	-	UTS IM: 27 MPa UTS FFF: 25.15 MPa, at 0° angle.
Álvarez et al. (2016) [45]	ABS	-	Variation of infill percentage, build orientation, and extrusion temperature	ASTM D638	-	-	UTS: 34.57 MPa, at 100% infill, horizontal build, 0.2 mm layer thickness, and 250 °C extrusion orientation, and extrusion temperature.
Dawoud et al. (2016) [10]	ABS	-	Variation of criss-cross raster angle and air gap, compared to IM	ISO R527	ISO R178	-	UTS IM: 37.7 MPa. UTS FFF: 34.3 MPa, at 45°/−45° raster angle with an air gap of −0.05 mm. FS IM: 72.5 MPa. FS FFF: 64 MPa, at 0°/90° raster angle with an air gap of −0.005 mm.
Rankouhi et al. (2016) [46]	ABS	-	Variation of layer thickness, raster angle, and number of layers	ASTM D638	-	-	UTS: 39.4 MPa, at 0° raster angle, 0.2 mm layer thickness, total 35 layers. The UTS increase as the number of layer increase.
Cantrell et al. (2017) [47]	ABS & PC	-	Variation of criss-cross raster angle and build orientation	ASTM D638	-	-	Yield Strength (ABS): 33.5 ± 0.5 MPa, at 0°/90° horizontal build. Yield Strength (PC): 61.1 ± 0.5 MPa, at 45°/−45° vertical build.
Chacón et al. (2017) [48]	PLA	-	Variation of build orientation, layer thickness, and printing speed	ASTM D638	ASTM D790	-	UTS: ~88 MPa at horizontal build, 0.06 mm layer thickness, and 80 mm/s printing speed. FS: ~62 MPa at vertical build, 0.06 mm layer thickness, and 80 mm/s printing speed.
Rajpurohit and Dave (2018) [31]	PLA	-	Variation of raster angle, layer thickness, and raster width	ASTM D638	-	-	UTS: 47.3 ± 2.69 MPa at 0° raster angle, 0.1 mm layer height, and 0.6 mm raster width.
Kuznetsov et al. (2020) [49]	PLA	-	Variation of extrusion temperature and feed rate	-	Not standardized	-	FS: 71.1 MPa, at 250 °C extrusion temperature, 25 mm/s printing speed, and without cooling from a fan.