Table 1.
Characteristics and biomarkers of the RODAM study population by sex and site 1.
| Characteristics | Total (n = 3687) |
Men (n = 1366) |
Women (n = 2321) |
Rural Ghana (n = 820) |
Urban Ghana (n = 1358) |
Amsterdam (n = 707) |
Berlin (n = 451) |
London (n = 351) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (female%) | 63.0 | - | - | 61.6 | 72.2 | 60.1 | 45.0 | 59.0 |
| Age (years) | 46.1 ± 11.1 | 46.9 ± 11.3 | 45.6 ± 10.9 | 46.7 ± 12.6 | 45.3 ± 11.4 | 46.6 ± 8.5 | 45.2 ± 10.4 | 47.9 ± 10.9 |
| Education | ||||||||
| Never or elementary% | 37.6 | 21.9 | 46.9 | 56.8 | 43.9 | 35.5 | 9.3 | 9.1 |
| Low | 37.7 | 41.6 | 35.5 | 31.6 | 38.9 | 37.8 | 50.1 | 31.6 |
| Intermediate | 16.2 | 22.5 | 12.5 | 7.9 | 12.5 | 21.8 | 26.6 | 24.8 |
| Higher vocational | 8.5 | 14.1 | 5.2 | 3.7 | 4.71 | 5.0 | 14.0 | 34.5 |
| Length of stay (years) | - | - | - | - | - | 16.4 ± 8.1 | 17.0 ± 10.9 | 17.2 ± 11.0 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.7 ± 5.5 | 24.8 ± 4.4 | 27.8 ± 5.7 | 22.7 ± 4.3 | 26.9 ± 5.4 | 28.9 ± 5 | 27.6 ± 4.8 | 29.4 ± 4.8 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 89.5 ± 12.5 | 87 ± 12.1 | 91 ± 12.5 | 81.2 ± 10.9 | 89.4 ± 11.8 | 94.6 ± 11.6 | 92.2 ± 11.5 | 95.4 ± 11.3 |
| Smoking (current or former%) | 9.3 | 19.6 | 3.2 | 7.9 | 6.9 | 11.6 | 18.4 | 5.4 |
| Physical activities (MET-min/day) | 72 (14–168) | 96 (28–196) | 56 (10–156) | 90 (36–161) | 60 (6–156) | 88.7 (26–258) | 72 (12–198) | 28 (5–112) |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 2533 ± 837 | 2628 ± 827 | 2477 ± 817 | 2594 ± 828 | 2298 ± 661 | 2478 ± 854 | 2929 ± 944 | 2898 ± 953 |
| Carbohydrate intake (energy%) | 53.0 ± 9.1 | 52.2 ± 9.5 | 53.5 ± 8.9 | 56.4.5 ± 8.3 | 54.5 ± 8.1 | 50.5 ± 8.3 | 48.5 ± 10.9 | 50.2 ± 9.6 |
| Fat intake (energy%) | 32.2 ± 8.2 | 32 ± 8.6 | 32.3 ± 8 | 31.4 ± 7.3 | 31.6 ± 7.2 | 32.1 ± 8.3 | 33.7 ± 10.6 | 34.1 ± 9.6 |
| Protein intake (energy%) | 13.8 ± 2.9 | 13.9 ± 3.1 | 13.8 ± 2.9 | 11.5 ± 2.2 | 13.6 ± 2.4 | 15.8 ± 2.7 | 14.8 ± 3.1 | 15.1 ± 2.9 |
| Alcohol intake (g/day) | 0 (0–0.1) |
0 (0–0.3) |
0 (0–0.1) |
0 (0–0.1) |
0 (0–0.1) |
0.1 (0–0.4) |
0.1 (0–0.6) |
0 (0–0.1) |
| AST U/L | 32.3 (26.6–39.8) |
35.1 (29.1–43.1) |
30.6 (25.3–37.7) |
36.1 (30.4–43.1) |
34.4 (28.7–41.5) |
26.1 (22.4–30.8) |
28.9 (24.7–34.9) |
34.1 (28.0–43.1) |
| ALT U/L | 19.2 (14.9–25.7) |
23.0 (17.4–31.2) |
17.6 (13.9–22.7) |
19.2 (15–24.9) |
19.3 (15–25.8) |
17.4 (13.7–23.0) |
19.9 (14.8–26.9) |
22.5 (18.3–30.3) |
| GGT U/L | 30.8 (23.2–43.1) |
37.4 (27.3–52.6) |
27.9 (21.7–37.3) |
29.5 (22.3–42.2) |
31.4 (23.9–42.9) |
30.2 (22.8–42.0) |
32.9 (24.7–46.1) |
30.6 (22.7–43.9) |
| CRP mg/L | 0.7 (0.2–2.5) |
0.5 (0.1–1.5) |
0.9 (0.2- 3.2) |
0.7 (0.2–2.6) |
0.9 (0.2–3.1) |
0.8 (0.2–2.3) |
0.5 (0.2–1.9) |
0.8 (0.2–2.3) |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.0 ± 1.1 | 4.9 ± 1.1 | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 4.6 ± 1.1 | 5.2 ± 1.2 | 5.0 ± 1.1 | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 5.0 ± 1.0 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.2 ± 1.0 | 3.1 ± 1.0 | 3.2 ± 1.0 | 2.8 ± 1.0 | 3.4 ± 1.0 | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 3.2 ± 1.0 | 3.3 ± 0.9 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.3 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) |
1.0 (0.7–1.3) |
0.9 (0.7–1.2) |
1.0 (0.8- 1.3) |
1.0 (0.8–1.3) |
0.8 (0.6–1.0) |
0.9 (0.6–1.1) |
0.8 (0.6–1.1) |
| Fatty Liver Index | 2.6 ± 6.3 | 2.0 ± 5.4 | 2.9 ± 6.8 | 1.0 ± 3.2 | 2.8 ± 6.7 | 3.3 ± 7.2 | 3.1 ± 7.3 | 3.1 ± 6.0 |
1 Continuous variables are expressed as means ± SDs or medians (IQR). Categorical variables are expressed as percentages (%). AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; CRP: C-reactive protein; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein.