Table 1.

Summary of current evidence and future perspectives on antioxidants with beneficial effect on asthma.

Nutrient	Dietary Source	Mechanism of Action	Effect on Asthma	References	Future Prospective	References
Vitamin C	Lemon, orange, pepper, broccoli, spinach, radicchio, tomato	Prevents the synthesis of PGE2. Modulates the release of arachidonic acid. Neutralizes free radicals and improves immune system cell function.	Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects	[241,242]	Regular supplementation with vitamin C to reduce asthma frequency and severity.	[205]
Vitamin A	Orange-yellow fruits and vegetables, milk, eggs	Essential for lung development and differentiation of lung epithelial cells.	Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects	[244,245]	There are no trials on vitamin A supplementation to prevent or manage asthma.
Vitamin E	Green vegetables, nuts, seeds, vegetable oils	Decreases oxidative stress Decreases IgE production Decreases Th2-mediated response	Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects	[247,248]	Administration of vitamin E combined with β-carotene and vitamin C as a prevention for bronchoconstriction.	[254]
Flavonoids	Apples, grapes, eomatoes, salad, cabbage	Suppression of superoxide anion activity Iron-chelating action with the prevention of subsequent oxidative damage.	Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects	[16]	The anti-inflammatory effect of flavonoids in vegetables decreases with heating, so the consumption of raw vegetables is recommended to control asthma symptoms.	[16,198]