Table 1.

Overview of commercial membranes used in the dairy industry.

(a) Polymer-Based Pressure Membranes (Reproduced from [32], with Permission from Elsevier, 2021)
Manufacturer		Symbol	Process	Polymer	MWCO/Pore Size	pH	Retention (%)	Temperature (°C)
GE Osmonics		DL	NF	PPZ	150–300 Da	3–9, 2–10	98	50
TriSep		TM10	MF	PVDF	0.2 µm	1–12	-	45
		UF5	UF	PES	5000 Da	1–12	-	50
		TS40	NF	PPZ	~200 Da	2–11	90, 40–60	45
		TS80	NF	PA	~150 Da	2–11	99, 80–90	45
		XN45	NF	PPZ	~500 Da	2–11	95, 10–30	45
Synder		FR	MF	PVDF	800 kDa	3–9, 2–11	-	55, 50
		V0.1	MF	PVDF	0.1 µm	3–9, 2–11	-	55, 50
		V0.2	MF	PVDF	0.2 µm	3–9, 2–11	-	55, 50
		BN	UF	PVDF	50 kDa	3–10, 2–11	-	60, 85
		MK	UF	PES	30 kDa	3–9, 2–11	-	55, 50
		ST	UF	PES	10 kDa	3–9, 2–11	-	55, 50
		NFX	NF	PA	150–300 Da	3–10, 2–11	99, 40	50
		NDX	NF	PA	~800–1000 Da	3–10.5	90, 30	50, 40
		NFG	NF	PA	~600–800 Da	4–10	50, 10	50
		NFW	NF	PA	300–500 Da	4–9, 3–10	97, 20, 98	50, 40
NanostoneTM		PV650	MF	PVDF	0.31 µm	2–10, 2–11.5	-	60, 50
		PE5	UF	PES	6 kDa	2–10	-	-
		PE10HR	UF	PES	10 kDa	2–10	-	-
Microdyn NadirTM		P010	NF	PES	–	0–14	35–75	95
		P030	NF	PES	–	0–14	80–95	95
Dow Filmtec		NF	NF	PA	~200–400 Da	2–11	99	45
Koch Membrane Systems		Dairy-ProTMMF-0.1	MF	PES	0.1 µm	2–10, 2–11	-	50
		Dairy-ProTMUF-5K	UF	PES	5 kDa	2–10, 2–11	-	55, 50
		Dairy-ProTMUF-10K	UF	PES	10 kDa	2–10, 2–11	-	55, 50
		Dairy-ProTMMPS-34	NF	PSU	~200 Da	0–14	95	50
		Dairy-ProTMMPS-36	NF	-	1 kDa	1–13	10	50
		Dairy-ProTMNF-200	NF	PA	~200 Da	4–10, 2–11	-	50, 60
		Dairy-ProTMRO	RO	PA	-	4–10, 2–11	-	50, 60
(b) Ceramic Membranes (Reproduced from ([33], with Permission from the Author Kowalik-Klimckaz, 2021))
Company	Product	Geometry	Designation	Membrane Material	Pore Size/MWCO	Available Length (s)-(mm)	Number of Channels	Outer Dia (mm)	Cannel Dia (mm)
TAMI Industries	INSIDE CéRAM	tubular	MF UF Fine UF	–	–	580, 850, 1020, 1178	7, 8, 11, 19, 23, 25, 37, 39, 93	25, 41	1.6, 2.5, 3.5, 3.6, 4.6, 5.5, 6
	FiltaniumTM	Tubular	MF UF Fine UF	–	–	580, 1178	8, 23, 39	25	2.5, 3.5, 6
	IsofluxTM	Tubular	MF	–	–	1020, 1178	8, 23, 39	25	2.5, 3.5, 6
	EterniumTM	Tubular	–	–	–	1178	7, 8, 23	25	3.5, 6
Atech Innovations GmbH	atec Ceramic membranes	Tubular	MF and UF	MF: α-Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2 UF: TiO2, ZrO2, Al2O3	MF: 1.2, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.1 µm UF: 0.05 µm, 150, 100, 20, 10, 5, 1 kDa	1000, 1200, 1500	1, 7, 19, 37, 61, 85, 211	10, 25.4, 30, 41, 52, 54	2, 2.5, 3.3, 3.8, 4, 6, 8, 16
Pall Corporation	Pall® Membralox® IC	Tubular (Hexagonal)	MF and UF	MF: α-Al2O3 UF: ZrO2	MF: 0.8, 0.2 µm UF: 100, 50, 20 nm	1020	48	38, 43	4
Pall Corporation	Pall® Membralox®	Tubular (Hexagonal)	MF and UF	MF: α-Al2O3 UF: ZrO2	MF: 1.4, 0.8, 0.5, 0.3, 0.1 µm UF: 100, 50, 20 nm	1020	19, 37	28, 31, 38, 43	3, 4, 6
Veolia Water Technologies	CeraMem®	Tubular	MF and UF	MF: mixed oxide, α-Al2O3, SiC, TiO2 UF: SiC, SiO2, TiO2	MF: 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 µm UF: 0.01, 0.005 µm, 50 nm	864	–	142	2, 5
ItN Nanovation AG	CFM Systems®	Flat sheet	MF	α-Al2O3	0.2 µm	L = 530 W = 6.5 H = 110	21	–	3
Meidensha Corporation	Ceramic flat sheet membrane system	Flat sheet	MF	α-Al2O3	0.1 µm	L = 1046 W = 12 H = 281	–	–	–
LiqTech International Inc.	CoMem® Conduit	Tubular	–	SiC	–	865	–	146	3
LiqTech International Inc.	CoMem®	Tubular	–	SiC	–	305, 1016, 1178	–	25	3
Inopor®	Ceramic inopor® membrane	Tubular	NF	Support layer: Al2O3 Membrane layers: TiO2 or SiO2	MWCO: 750, 600, 450 Da	1200	1, 4, 7, 19, 31	10, 20, 25, 41	3, 3.5, 6, 6.1, 7, 15.5
Cembrane	Cembrane Ceramic membrane	Flat sheet	MF	SiC	0.1 µm	L = 532 W = 11 H = 150	–	–	–