Table 3.
Passive targeting PDT-PS nanocarrier systems in metastatic melanoma.
| PS | Nanocarrier | Cell Line | Tumor Models | Outcome | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aluminum chloride phthalocyanine (ClAlPc) | Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) | B16-F10 | Monolayers | CIAIc-SLN decreased cell viability by 64.4%, while free PS showed a 54.1% decrease in B16F10 cells | [71] |
| Indocyanine green (ICG) | Chitosan-coated liposomes | B16-F10 | Monolayers | ICG bioavailability increased by 2-fold in cells. | [72] |
| IR768 Daunorubicin (DRB) |
polymeric micelles (PMs) | A375 | Monolayers | Increased mitochondrial uptake, decreased cell viability below 20%. | [73] |
| Zinc Phthalocyanine Tetrasulphonate (ZnPcSO4) | poly (lactic acid-glycolic acid) (PLGA) |
B16-F10 | Monolayers | PS nanoconjugate induced 90% of cell death against 20% for free PS. | [74] |
| Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) | poly (D, L lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) | B16-F10 | Monolayers | PLGA maintained photophysical properties of PpIX, which reduced cell viability by 80%. | [75] |
| Zn-based porphyrin (Zn-EpPor) | Tobacco mosaic virus nanorods (TMVs) | B16-F10 | Monolayers | PS-TMV exhibited improved cell uptake and stronger cytotoxicity than free PS. | [76] |
| 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl) porphyrin (POR) | Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) | A375 | Monolayers | PS-Ag showed in increased singlet oxygen quantum yield and cellular uptake than free PS. | [77] |
| Zinc monocarboxyphenoxy phthalocyanine (ZnMCPPc) | Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) | A375 | Monolayers | ZnMCPPc-Au showed a stronger PDT efficacy when compared to free ZnMCPPc. | [78] |
| Hypericin (Hyp) | 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) | B16-F10 | Monolayers | Hyp-DPPC showed an increased singlet oxygen quantum yield compared to free Hyp. | [79] |
| Verteporfin (Ver) | Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) | B16-F10 | Monolayers, in vivo 8-week-old female C57BL6/J mice |
Ver-MSNs exhibited significant antiproliferative effects than free Ver and reduce tumor by 50.2 ± 6.6%. | [80] |
| Indocyanine green (ICG) | Hydrogen-peroxide-responsive protein biomimetic | B16-F10 | Monolayers, in vivo 6–8-week-old BALB/c nude female mice |
Improved stability, cellular uptake and phototoxicity | [81] |
| Palladium porphyrin (PdTCPP) | Layered double hydroxide (LDH) | B16-F10 | Monolayers, in vivo 8-week-old male mice |
PS-NP showed only 10% decrease in absorbance post PDT versus 85% loss by free PS, and decreased tumor growth by 7-fold in vivo. | [82] |
| Aluminum chloride phthalocyanine (ClAlPc) | Liposomes | WM1617 | 3-D cell cultures | PS-NP was efficiently taken up by 3-D tumor spheroids and induced more than 80% cell death. | [83] |
| Cabazitaxel (CTX) | psTKdC NAs | A375 | In vivo, 6–8-week-old BALB/c nude female mice | Decreased tumor volume from 82.2 ± 41.4 mm3 to 21.5 ± 23.9 mm3 on day 0. | [84] |
| Zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) | Chitosan/methoxy polyethylene glycol-polylactic acid (CPP) | A431 | In vivo, 6–8-week-old hairless female SKH-1 mice | PS-NP showed 75% cell death, compared to 50% for free PS. | [85] |