Table 4.
Metastatic melanoma active targeting delivery systems.
| PS | Active PS Delivery System | Cell Line | Tumor Model | Outcomes | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zinc phthalocyanine tetra-sulphonic acid (ZnPcS4) | Anti-Melanoma Inhibitory Activity (Anti-MIA) combined with AuNPs | A375 | Monolayers | The bioconjugate concentrated the PS within the cytoplasm and nuclei, triggering a 65% apoptotic cell population | [91] |
| Ferrous chlorophyllin (Fe-CHL) | PLGA NPs loaded with cRGDyk peptide | B16-F10 | Monolayers | The combination therapy showed enhanced accumulation of the PS and singlet oxygen generation in B16-F10 cells | [92] |
| Zinc ethynylphenyl porphyrin (Zn-EpPor) | Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) bioconjugated to dendron hybrids | B16-F10 | Monolayers | 2 PS-CPMV achieved a 2-fold increase in efficacy when compared to free PS. | [93] |
| Methylene blue (MB) | Naproxen amides (NAPs) | B16-F10 | Monolayers | MB-NAP induced high levels of toxicity on MC-1 receptor-expressing B16-F10 cells, leaving only 4% of cells viable. | [94] |
| BODIPY (BDP) | Phenylthiourea (PTU) | B16-F10 | Monolayers | BDP-PTU showed an enhanced cellular uptake, resulting in 20% cell viability. | [95] |
| Rose Bengal (RB) | Amphipathic peptide (AMP) C(KLAKLAK)2 | B16-F10-Luc2 | Monolayers, in vivo C57 mice |
The target specificity and PDT effects of RB significantly reduced the viability of B16-F10-Luc2 cells to 6%. | [7] |
| Pyropheophorbide | Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) anchored onto hyaluronic acid (HA) | OM431 | Monolayers, in vivo 4-week-old BALB/c male mice |
The nanocomposite increased singlet oxygen production, which reduced cell viability to 30% in vitro and tumor weight to 0.05 g in vivo. | [56] |
| Indocyanine Green (ICG) With temozolomide (TMZ) |
Hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified with Poly(amino-amine) (PAMAM) | A375 | Monolayers, in vivo 6–8-week-old nude BALB/c female mice |
ICG active nanophotosensitizer showed the strongest tumor cell-killing effect and revealed a cell viability of 17.1%. | [96] |
| IR820 | Catalase (CAT) encapsulated in (PLGA) NPs | MV3 | monolayers, in vivo 6–8-week-old BALB/c nude female mice |
Displayed increased cellular uptake with 10% cell viability in vitro and a significant tumor regression in vivo. | [97] |
| Chlorin e6 (Ce6) | Anti-CD25 | B16-F10 | In vivo, C57BL/6-Tg (Foxp3-GFP) 90Pkraj/J mice | Ce6-CD25-targeted PDT induced apoptosis in 60–70% of melanoma tumors and caused tumor regression. | [98] |