. 2021 Oct 28;13(11):1803. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111803

Table 1.

Some of the recent advances in various NSs as DDSs along with surface functionalization, targeting ligand, drugs employed, their characteristics, treated cancer types, days, and their interpretations for multimodal cancer therapy.

2D NSs	Surface Functionalization	Targeting Ligand		Drug	LC (mg or μg)/EE (%)	Size (nm)	ζ Potential (mV)	Synergistic Effect	Cancer Type	Treatment Days	TGI Rates (%)/Observation after the Treatment	Reference
BP				DOX	950% (in wt)	281 ± 9.5	1.5	CTX/PTT/PDT	Breast cancer (4T1 cells)	14	95.5%	[91]
	PAMAM	HA		DOX	95%	291 ± 4.17	−5.83 ± 2.31	CTX/PTT	Breast cancer (4T1 cells)	14	Reduction in tumor size	[92]
		CaP			53.6%	181.5	−15.5	CTX	Breast cancer (MCF-7 cells)	18	85%	[93]
	HA			MTX	2.6%	276	−18	CTX/PTT	Breast cancer (4T1 cells)	10	Inhibit tumor growth	[94]
MoS₂	PEG			DOX	~69%	150	−7.17 ± 1.8		Sarcoma (S180 cells)	14	Decrease in tumor volume	[95]
	PEG	CuS			162.3 mg	114.5	−5.3 ± 1.5		-			[96]
	PEI, PEG, α-LA	FA, BSA			185 mg	196	6.8		Breast cancer (MCF-7 cells)	20	Inhibit tumor growth	[97]
	Liposome				104.4%	250	−38.26		Breast cancer (4T1 cells)	2		[98]
	CS, CMC, SPIONs				95.69%	429.07 ± 3.538	−59.01 ± 3.629		Breast cancer (4T1 cells)	14		[99]
Ti₃C₂		HA			84.2%	178 ± 32.4	−20.71 ± 1.5	CTX/PTT/PDT	Colorectal cancer (HCT-116 cells)	16	Tumor disappearance and no metastasis/recurrence	[100]
	CP			MET	96.2%	310	−20	CTX/PTT/PDT	Breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 cells)	16	Tumor disappearance and no metastasis/recurrence	[101]
	PDA, PEG-GNRs			DOX	95.88%	250	−22.1 ± 1.2	CTX/PTT	-			[102]
LDHs	AuNPs		FA-TCS	DOX	94.6%	100–180	−52.4	CTX/PTT	Breast cancer (MCF7 cells)	-	Increased % of cell death at the G0/G1 phase	[103]
	BSA			5-FU	56.4% ± 7.4%	172.4 ± 10.6	−14.0	CTX	Colorectal cancer (HCT-116 cells)	18	Significant and effective inhibition of tumor growth	[104]
	BSA			ABX	93.2% ± 5.2%	172.4 ± 10.6	−14.0	CTX	Colorectal cancer (HCT-116 cells)	18	Significant and effective inhibition of tumor growth	[104]
	ICG			-	99.6% ± 0.1%	38.8 ± 1.8	33.9 ± 0.9	CTX/PTT/PDT	Breast cancer (4T1 cells)	12		[105]
				5-FU and CD-siRNA	22.60% (in wt)	89	38.9	CTX	Breast cancer (MCF7 cells)	-	Suppresses cell growth	[106]
	Gal			Cur	31%	116.1 ± 35.9	10.0 ± 0.7	CTX	Hepatocellular cancer (HepG2 cells)	-	Suppresses cell growth	[107]
	BSA			5-FU	-	41.2 ± 5.4	-	CTX/PTT	Colon cancer (HCT-116 cells)	24	Induces cancer cell death with no sign of recurrence	[108]
				MTX	42% ± 0.25%	104	-	CTX	Cervical cancer (C33A cells)	4	Tumor growth suppression	[109]
	FA			DOX	3.6 mg/mg (w/w)	60–100	−3.2	CTX	Oral epidermal cancer (KB cells)	-	Predominant apoptosis of cancer cells	[110]
	PDA				-	125	−14.61	CDT/PTT	Lung cancer (A549 cells)	-	Predominant apoptosis of cancer cells	[111]
	F-CDs				212.6 μg/g	137	39.7	CTX	HeLa cells	-	Enhanced cytotoxicity	[112]