Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of children randomized to watchful waiting with supportive care (WWSC) classified based on resolution of their sleep apnea (AHI < 1) and good sleep quality (SQI ≥ 75) at 7-month follow-up.
| Higher Sleep Quality and No OSA at Follow-Up (n = 43) | Lower Sleep Quality and OSA at Follow-Up (n = 160) | Contrast (p-Value) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | |||
| Male (%) | 0.63 [0.45, 0.80] | 0.53 [0.42, 0.63] | 0.10 (0.234) |
| African American (%) | 0.38 [0.22, 0.53] | 0.45 [0.35, 0.54] | −0.07 (0.413) |
| Caucasian (%) | 0.40 [0.24, 0.55] | 0.38 [0.28, 0.47] | 0.02 (0.826) |
| Other (%) | 0.23 [0.14, 0.32] | 0.18 [0.12, 0.23] | 0.05 (0.291) |
| Age (years) | 6.33 [5.87, 6.79] | 6.46 [6.17, 6.75] | −0.13 (0.590) |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) (Kg/m2) | 17.40 [15.90, 18.89] | 19.10 [18.16, 20.05] | −1.71 (0.033) |
| BMI-z score | 0.44 [0.05, 0.83] | 0.94 [0.69, 1.19] | −0.50 (0.018) |
| Waist circumference—Average (cm) | 58.34 [54.29, 62.38] | 62.74 [60.20, 65.29] | −4.40 (0.042) |
| Healthy weight | 0.72 [0.56, 0.88] | 0.54 [0.44, 0.64] | 0.18 (0.035) |
| Mallampati Score I and II | 0.65 [0.49, 0.81] | 0.58 [0.48, 0.68] | 0.07 (0.405) |
| Friedman palate position I and II | 0.48 [0.33, 0.54] | 0.37 [0.28, 0.47] | 0.11 (0.182) |
| Allergies | 0.30 [0.14, 0.45] | 0.30 [0.20, 0.39] | 0.00 (0.995) |
| Asthma | 0.25 [0.10, 0.40] | 0.27 [0.18, 0.37] | −0.02 (0.806) |
| Sleep Measures | |||
| Sleep Quality Index (SQI) | 79.96 [75.07, 84.86] | 72.44 [69.50, 75.39] | 7.52 (0.005) |
| Apnea hypopnea index 3% (AHI) | 4.01 [2.34, 5.68] | 6.52 [5.47, 7.57] | −2.51 (0.005) |
| Respiratory Disturbance Index 3% (RDI) | 5.39 [3.66, 7.12] | 8.13 [7.04, 9.22] | −2.74 (0.003) |
| Questionnaires | |||
| PedQoL Parent Total Score | 83.74 [78.95, 88.54] | 77.51 [74.49, 80.53] | 6.23 (0.015) |
| PedQoL Child Total Score | 70.84 [65.91, 75.77] | 67.59 [64.49, 70.68] | 3.25 (0.217) |
| Child Behavior Checklist Total score | 51.51 [47.91, 55.10] | 53.73 [51.50, 55.97] | −2.23 (0.244) |
| Conners DSM-IV Total Score | 52.21 [48.54, 55.87] | 52.66 [50.26, 56.13] | −1.61 (0.408) |
| OSA-18 Summary-Average | 2.78 [2.43, 3.13] | 3.12 [2.90, 3.34] | −0.34 (0.067) |
| PSQ-SRBD Total | 0.44 [0.38, 0.50] | 0.48 [0.44, 0.51] | 0.04 [0.222] |
| NEPSY | |||
| Core Domain: Attention/Executive function | 106.22 [101.67, 110.77] | 101.14 [98.56, 103.72] | 5.08 (0.037) |
| Tower: Attention/Executive function | 11.54 [10.64, 12.43] | 10.03 [9.46, 10.6] | 1.27 (0.008) |
Descriptive statistics were presented as means with confidence intervals (CI95%). BMI, body mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters); BMI z score (relative weight adjusted for child age and sex); SQI, sleep quality index; AHI, apnea/hypopnea index; RDI, respiratory disturbance index; PedQoL, Pediatric Quality of Life questionnaire; PSQ-SRBD, Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire-Sleep Related Breathing Disorders; NEPSY, Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment.