Figure 1.

Combined therapy. Tumor escape mechanisms often inhibit the effect of dendritic cell vaccination. Conventional therapies such as chemo/radiotherapy can collaborate with DCs vaccination, promoting the activation of immune cells effectors and hampering the functions of immunosuppressive cells. Other innovative strategies are under investigation as a support to contrast tumor immune escape, such as inhibitors of Tregs and MDSCs; ICI, adoptive cells therapies and preconditioning of the pre-vaccine injection site.