Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study cohort and of patients that failed and succeeded CPAP.
| Total (n = 156) |
CPAP Success (n = 93) | CPAP Failure (n= 63) | p-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males, n (%) | 119 (76.3) | 65 (69.9) | 54 (85.7) | 0.02 | |
| Age, years | 61 (55.5–69) | 63 (56–71) | 59 (55–65) | 0.01 | |
| Days from symptoms onset to hospital admission | 8 (6–11) | 8 (7–11) | 8 (6.0–10.5) | 0.06 | |
| Previous respiratory disease, n (%) | 11 (7.1) | 6 (6.5) | 5 (7.9) | 0.76 | |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Smoke, n (%) | 19/152 (12.5) | 16/90 (17.8) | 3/62 (4.8) | 0.02 | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 59 (37.8) | 41 (44.1) | 18 (28.6) | 0.05 | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 26 (16.7) | 19 (20.4) | 7 (11.1) | 0.13 | |
| Kidney disease, n (%) | 4 (2.6) | 2 (2.2) | 2 (3.2) | 1.00 | |
| Cancer, n (%) | 6 (3.9) | 3 (3.2) | 3 (4.8) | 0.69 | |
| Ischemic heart disease, n (%) | 17 (10.9) | 10 (10.8) | 7 (11.1) | 0.94 | |
| Number of comorbidities | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–1) | 0.07 | |
| Sartan, n (%) | 25 (16.1) | 20 (21.5) | 5 (8.1) | 0.03 | |
| ACE inhibitors, n (%) | 13 (8.4) | 10 (10.8) | 3 (4.8) | 0.25 | |
| Antiplatelet therapy, n (%) | Prophylaxis | 18 (11.6) | 10 (10.8) | 8 (12.9) | 0.45 |
| Anticoagulant | 3 (1.9) | 3 (3.2) | 0 | ||
| Emergency department | |||||
| Hb, g/dL (n = 154) | 13.9 (1.6) | 13.7 (1.6) | 14.2 (1.7) | 0.05 | |
| White blood cells, ×106 | 6.7 (5.4–9.3) | 6.5 (5.4–9.3) | 6.9 (5.4–9.2) | 0.99 | |
| Neutrophils, % | 71.9 (11.7–83.8) | 69.1 (6.7–83.1) | 74.6 (61.5–84.4) | 0.007 | |
| Lymphocytes, % | 10.3 (1.4–16.8) | 7.1 (1.1–15.0) | 12 (6.6–19.4) | 0.005 | |
| Platelets, ×109 | 214 (171.5–160.5) | 219 (179–280) | 207 (157–250) | 0.15 | |
| I.N.R. | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | 1.2 (0.1–1.3) | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | 0.53 | |
| Aspartate transaminase, U/L | 48 (36–71) | 47.0 (35.0–68.0) | 52.5 (42.0–76.5) | 0.09 | |
| Bilirubin, mg/dL | 1.17 (0.56–1.19) | 1.19 (0.62–1.19) | 0.77 (0.50–1.19) | 0.05 | |
| Median (IQR) serum creatinine | 0.9 (0.7–1.0) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.05 | |
| Lactate Dehydrogenase, U/L | 351.5 (288–458) | 341 (288–436) | 391 (286–599) | 0.15 | |
| D-dimer, FEU mg/L | 421.5 (279–971) | 477 (307–2078) | 394 (241–571) | 0.08 | |
| Temperature, °C | 37.5 (1.0) | 37.3 (1.0) | 37.8 (1.1) | 0.007 | |
| Systolic arterial pressure, mmHg | 130 (120–140) | 130 (120–140) | 130 (120–140) | 0.04 | |
| Heart rate, bpm | 91.9 (15.6) | 89.7 (16.2) | 95.1 (14.1) | 0.03 | |
| Respiratory rate, bpm | 24 (22.0–27.5) | 24 (22–27) | 24 (22–28) | 0.38 | |
| pH | 7.47 (7.44–7.49) | 7.47 (7.44–7.50) | 7.47 (7.45–7.49) | 0.87 | |
| PaCO2, mmHg | 33 (30.0–38.0) | 33.3 (30.0–39.9) | 33 (30.3–35.3) | 0.30 | |
| PaO2, mmHg | 67.9 (59–82) | 69.7 (60.3–90.0) | 61.8 (57–73) | 0.005 | |
| PaO2/FiO2, mmHg | 269 (168–310) | 267 (169–312) | 271 (151–295) | 0.52 | |
| Outcomes | |||||
| Duration of CPAP, days | 4 (2–7) | 6 (4–9) | 2 (1–4) | <0.001 | |
| Hospital length of stay, days | 24 (17–32) | 23 (17–30) | 25.5 (17–38) | 0.41 | |
| In-hospital mortality, n (%) | 30 (19.2) | 0 | 27 (42.9) | <0.001 | |
Data are reported as means (standard deviation) or medians (interquartile range), as appropriate. Statistically significant comparisons are marked in bold. ACE = angiotensin converting enzyme; Hb = hemoglobin; PaO2 = partial pressure of oxygen; PaCO2 = partial pressure of carbon dioxide; FiO2 = Inspired oxy-gen fraction.