Table 3.
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients that failed CPAP + NIV treatment and were intubated vs. patients that succeed CPAP + NIV at time of hospital admission and at the time of failure.
| NIV Success (n = 16) | NIV Failure (n = 29) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Males, n (%) | 12 (75.0) | 27 (93.1) | 0.09 |
| Age, years | 61 (55.5–65.5) | 57 (51–63) | 0.34 |
| Days from symptoms onset to hospital admission | 8 (8–11) | 8 (5.5–9.0) | 0.23 |
| Duration of CPAP, days | 2 (1.0–3.5) | 2 (1–3) | 0.62 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Previous respiratory disease, n (%) | 1 (6.3) | 2 (6.9) | 1.00 |
| Smoke, n (%) | 1 (6.3) | 1 (3.5) | 1.00 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 3 (18.8) | 6 (20.7) | 1.00 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 3 (18.8) | 2 (6.9) | 0.33 |
| Ischemic Heart disease, n (%) | 2 (12.5) | 2 (6.9) | 0.61 |
| Sartan, n (%) | 1 (6.3) | 1 (3.6) | 1.00 |
| ACE inhibitors, n (%) | 1 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.36 |
| Emergency department | |||
| Mean (SD) Hb, g/dL | 14.0 (1.8) | 14.7 (1.5) | 0.21 |
| White blood cells, ×106 | 6.7 (3.9–8.4) | 7.0 (5.2–8.5) | 0.39 |
| Neutrophils, % | 82.3 (61.9–84.9) | 76.9 (70.2–83.8) | 0.90 |
| Lymphocytes, % | 14.8 (9.6–29.6) | 14.2 (9.5–20.8) | 0.60 |
| Platelets, ×109 | 210.5 (165.5–234.5) | 190 (156–249) | 0.75 |
| I.N.R. | 1.2 (1.1–1.2) | 1.1 (1.1–1.2) | 0.15 |
| Bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.39 (0.33–0.62) | 0.73 (0.47–1.02) | 0.12 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 1 (0.9–1.0) | 0.12 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L | 364.5 (293–402) | 316 (236–458) | 0.52 |
| D-dimer, mg/L FEU | 404.5 (279–609) | 314 (186–468) | 0.50 |
| Temperature, °C | 37.5 (1.2) | 37.9 (1.0) | 0.31 |
| Systolic arterial pressure, mmHg | 125 (118–130) | 140 (125–150) | <0.001 |
| Mean arterial pressure, mm/g | 93.4 (10.8) | 99 (14.1) | 0.17 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 94.1 (13.3) | 99.2 (15.7) | 0.28 |
| Respiratory rate, bpm | 24 (23.5–24.5) | 24 (22–30) | 0.42 |
| pH | 7.46 (7.40–7.48) | 7.47 (7.44–7.49) | 0.28 |
| PaCO2, mmHg | 32.3 (30–35) | 32 (28–35) | 0.74 |
| PaO2, mmHg | 64.5 (59–73) | 61.8 (55.9–72.6) | 0.71 |
| PaO2/FiO2, mmHg | 281 (271.0–326.5) | 280 (196–317) | 0.64 |
| Outcomes | |||
| Length of hospital stay, days | 28.5 (24.5–36.5) | 29 (17–39) | 0.71 |
| In hospital mortality, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (44.8) | <0.001 |
Data are reported as means (standard deviation) or medians (interquartile range), as appropriate. Statistically significant comparisons are marked in bold. ACE = angiotensin converting enzyme; Hb = hemoglobin; PaO2 = partial pressure of oxygen; PaCO2 = partial pressure of carbon dioxide; FiO2 = inspired oxygen fraction.