Table 4.
Characteristics at admission and at failure time of patients that failed CPAP + NIV treatment and were intubated vs. patients that succeeded CPAP + NIV.
| CPAP + ETI (n = 18) | CPAP + NIV + ETI (n = 29) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Males, n (%) | 15 (83.3) | 27 (93.1) | 0.279 |
| Age, years | 60.5 (57.7–65) | 57 (50.5–63.5) | 0.047 |
| Days from symptoms onset to hospital admission | 8 (6–11) | 8 (5–9) | 0.722 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Previous respiratory disease, n (%) | 2 (11.1) | 2 (6.9) | 0.498 |
| Smoke, n (%) | 1 (5.9) | 1 (3.4) | 0.608 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 9 (50.0) | 6 (20.7) | 0.039 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 2 (11.1) | 2 (6.9) | 0.498 |
| Ischemic heart disease, n (%) | 3 (16.7) | 2 (6.9) | 0.279 |
| Sartan, n (%) | 3 (17.6) | 1 (3.4) | 0.135 |
| ACE inhibitors, n (%) | 2 (11.8) | 0 (0) | 0.131 |
| Emergency department | |||
| White blood cells, ×106 | 9.2 (3.1) | 7.2 (2.6) | 0.106 |
| Neutrophils, % | 85.2 (82.5–90.5) | 76.9 (69.7–83.8) | 0.003 |
| Lymphocytes, % | 8.5 (5.4–12.5) | 14.2 (9.1–21.2) | 0.008 |
| Platelets, ×109 | 271.0 (159.9) | 201.2 (58.9) | 0.039 |
| I.N.R. | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 1.1 (1.1–1.2) | <0.001 |
| Bilirubin, mg/dL | 1.19 (0.91–1.84) | 0.73 (0.47–1.02) | 0.005 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 1.0 (0.7–1.2) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 0.963 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L | 602 (430–725) | 316 (233–465) | 0.001 |
| D-dimer, mg/L FEU | 2885 (334–27,899) | 314 (186–468) | 0.062 |
| Respiratory rate, bpm | 25.0 (23–30) | 24.0 (22–30) | 0.674 |
| pH | 7.48 (7.46–7.51) | 7.47 (7.44–7.49) | 0.192 |
| PaCO2, mm/Hg | 35.5 (4.6) | 31.8 (4.9) | 0.053 |
| PaO2/FiO2, mm/Hg | 173 (89–268) | 253 (190–319) | 0.003 |
| At CPAP or NIV failure | |||
| Lymphocytes, % | 5.5 (3.0–6.6) | 8.2 (6.1–14.0) | 0.03 |
| Platelets, ×109 | 270.6 (105.5) | 318.2 (124.4) | 0.29 |
| I.N.R. | 1.3 (1.2–1.7) | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | 0.15 |
| Bilirubin, mg/dL | 1.19 (0.97–1.28) | 0.76 (0.46–1.03) | 0.05 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | 0.84 |
| D-dimer, mg/L FEU | 1577 (381–5200) | 826 (276–2570) | 0.52 |
| Respiratory rate, bpm | 33.5 (24–42) | 29.5 (26–30) | 0.06 |
| pH | 7.46 (0.04) | 7.48 (0.04) | 0.19 |
| PaCO2, mmHg | 39 (4.5) | 36.8 (5.0) | 0.15 |
| PaO2/FiO2, mmHg | 99 (82–112) | 110 (86–150) | 0.34 |
| Outcomes | |||
| Length of hospital stay, days | 19 (14.5–25.0) | 27.8 (17–39) | 0.162 |
| In hospital mortality, n (%) | 14 (77.8) | 13 (44.8) | 0.026 |
Data are reported as means (standard deviation) or medians (interquartile range), as appropriate. Statistically significant comparisons are marked in bold. ACE = angiotensin converting enzyme; Hb = hemoglobin; PaO2 = partial pressure of oxygen; PaCO2 = partial pressure of carbon dioxide; FiO2 = inspired oxygen fraction.