Table 1.
Case reports and case series describing COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA).
| Characteristics | No. (%) |
|---|---|
| CAPA cases | 74 |
| CAPA definitions | Probable: 42 (56.8) Putative: 12 (16.2) Proven: 5 (6.8) Not reported: 15 (20.3) |
| Sex | Male: 49 (66.2) |
| Median age (IQR) | 69 (57–74) |
| Main underlying diseases | Arterial hypertension: 37 (50) Diabetes mellitus: 26 (35.1) Chronic pulmonary disease: 13 (17.6) Cardiovascular disease: 9 (12.1) Obesity: 5 (6.8) |
| COVID-19 treatments | Steroids: 37 (50) Tocilizumab: 10 (13.5) Eculizumab: 2 (2.7) Siltuximab: 1 (1.4); anakinra: 1 (1.4) |
| Median number of days from ICU admission or TI to CAPA diagnosis (IQR) | 13 (6–21) |
| No. of positive cultured samples/tested samples Sample types |
62/72 (86.1) BAL: 25 (40.3); 6 with positive DE BAS: 19 (30.6); 1 with positive DE TA: 14 (22.6); 4 with positive DE Sputum: 2 (3.2); autopsy: 1 (1.6); biopsy: 1 (1.6) |
| Aspergillus species |
A. fumigatus: 43 (67.2) A. niger: 8 (12.5) A. flavus: 4 (6.3) A. terreus: 3 (4.7) Others: 6 (9.4). Total: 64 |
| No. of GM-positive samples/tested samples: median ODI (IQR) | Serum: 25/47 (53.2); ODI: 1.7 (1.1–3.1) Respiratory samples: 27/29 (93); ODI 4.4 (2.2–6.1) BAL: 4.6 (2.2–6.3) 21/21: BAL; 4/6: TA; 1/1: BAS; 1/1: sputum |
| No. of PCR-positive samples/tested samples | Respiratory: 8/10 (80) 3/3: BAL; 2/2: TA; 1/1: BAS Serum: 2/4 (50) |
| No. of BDG-positive samples/tested samples | 10/19 (52.6) |
| No. of patients with specific imaging findings | 24/72 (33.3) Nodules: 13 (54.2) Cavities: 10 (41.7) Air crescent: 2 (8.3) Halo: 2 (8.3) Balls: 1 (4.1); cysts: 1 (4.1) Tree-in-bud: 1 (4.1) |
| No. of patients receiving anti-fungal treatment Anti-fungal agents |
68 (92) Voriconazole: 35 (51.5) AMB: 15 (22.1) Echinocandin: 15 (22.1) Isavuconazole: 6 (8.8) |
| No. of deaths | 39 (52.7) |
Data are absolute numbers (percentage) unless otherwise specified. Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; ICU, intensive care unit; TI, tracheal intubation; GM, galattomannan; ODI, optical density index; BAL, bronchial-alveolar lavage; BAS, bronchial aspirate; TA, tracheal aspirate; BDG, (1–3)-β-D-glucan; AMB, amphotericin B.