Table 3.

Risk for breast cancer according to quartiles of the Carbohydrate, glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL) dietary and carbohydrate quality index (CQI)

	OR (95% CI)				P Trenda
	Quartile 1	Quartile 2	Quartile 3	Quartile 4
Total
Carbohydrate
No.of cases/controls (461/495)	121/118	119/120	114/125	107/132
Crude	1	0.96 (0.67–1.38)	0.88 (0.62–1.27)	0.79 (0.55–1.13)	0.17
Model 1b	1	1.05 (0.72–1.53)	0.91 (0.63–1.34)	0.75 (0.52–1.08)	0.10
Model 2c	1	0.97 (0.65–1.44)	0.85 (0.58–1.25)	0.74 (0.50–1.08)	0.09
Glycemic index
No.of cases/controls (461/495)	110/128	106/133	127/117	123/116
Crude	1	0.93 (0.65–1.34)	1.22 (0.85–1.75)	1.24 (0.86–1.76)	0.11
Model 1	1	0.95 (0.65–1.39)	1.33 (0.91–1.92)	1.39 (0.96–2.01)	0.02
Model 2	1	1.04 (0.69–1.54)	1.34 (0.91–1.97)	1.41 (0.96–2.07)	0.04
Glycemic load
No.of cases/controls (452/494)	116/123	114/125	115/124	116/123
Crude	1	0.96 (0.67–1.38)	0.98(0.68–1.40)	1.00 (0.69–1.43)	0.97
Model 1	1	1.02 (0.70–1.50)	1.01 (0.69–1.48)	0.96 (0.67–1.39)	0.85
Model 2	1	0.95 (0.64–1.42)	0.91 (0.61–1.34)	0.94 (0.64–1.37)	0.71
CQI
No.of cases/controls (452/494)	126/113	117/122	113/126	105/134	g
Crude	1	0.82 (0.58–1.18)	0.87 (0.61–1.24)	0.69 (0.48–0.99)	0.07
Model 1	1	0.81 (0.56–1.16)	0.81 (0.56–1.15)	0.61 (0.42–0.89)	0.01
Model 2		0.86 (0.59–1.25)	0.85 (0.59–1.24)	0.63 (0.43–0.94)	0.03
Premenopausal
Carbohydrate
No.of cases/controls (300/325)	75/82	80/76	79/77	66/90
Crude	1	1.09 (0.70–1.69)	1.02 (0.65–1.59)	0.87 (0.55–1.36)	0.51
Model 1	1	1.24 (0.77–2.00)	1.05 (0.66–1.67)	0.82 (0.52–1.31)	0.33
Model 2		1.12 (0.68–1.84)	0.98 (0.61–1.59)	0.82 (0.51–1.33)	0.37
Glycemic index
No.of cases/controls (300/325)	66/91	74/82	77/79	83/73
Crude	1	1.21 (0.75–1.98)	1.47 (0.92–2.34)	1.63 (1.02–2.60)	0.02
Model 1	1	1.21 (0.74–1.98)	1.58 (0.98–2.53)	1.71 (1.06–2.74)	0.01
Model 2		1.35 (0.80–2.26)	1.62 (0.98–2.67)	1.85 (1.12–3.07)	0.01
Glycemic load
No.of cases/controls (300/325)	76/81	71/85	74/82	79/77
Crude	1	0.99 (0.62–1.56)	0.97 (0.62–1.51)	1.12 (0.72–1.75)	0.63
Model 1	1	1.11 (0.68–1.81)	1.04 (0.65–1.65)	1.13 (0.72–1.77)	0.67
Model 2		1.04 (0.62–1.73)	0.92 (0.57–1.49)	1.14 (0.71–1.81)	0.70
CQI
No.of cases/controls (300/325)	81/76	76/80	79/77	64/92
Crude	1	0.89 (0.57–1.38)	0.95 (0.61–1.47)	0.68 (0.43–1.06)	0.14
Model 1	1	0.88 (0.56–1.38)	0.92 (0.59–1.44)	0.57 (0.36–0.91)	0.03
Model 2	1	0.84 (0.53–1.35)	0.94 (0.59–1.49)	0.55 (0.34–0.90)	0.04
Postmenopausal
Carbohydrate
No.of cases/controls (152/160)	44/34	37/41	32/46	39/39
Crude	1	0.75 (0.40–1.39)	0.54 (0.28–1.03)	0.77 (0.42–1.41)	0.28
Model 1	1	0.69 (0.36–1.31)	0.51 (0.26–0.98)	0.79 (0.43–1.45)	0.32
Model 2		0.63 (0.32–1.24)	0.40 (0.19–0.82)	0.77 (0.41–1.46)	0.25
Glycemic index
No.of cases/controls (152/160)	39/39	37/41	36/42	40/38
Crude	1	0.80 (0.42–1.52)	0.80 (0.42–1.52)	1.04 (0.56–1.91)	0.86
Model 1	1	0.83 (0.43–1.58)	0.83 (0.43–1.59)	1.05 (0.57–1.94)	0.82
Model 2	1	0.89 (0.45–1.75)	0.86 (0.43–1.71)	1.01 (0.53–1.91)	0.97
Glycemic load
No.of cases/controls (152/160)	41/37	40/38	37/41	34/44
crude	1	0.85 (0.46–1.60)	0.88 (0.47–1.64)	0.79 (0.42–1.48)	0.50
Model 1	1	0.82 (0.43–1.57)	0.89 (0.46–1.70)	0.78 (0.41–1.46)	0.51
Model 2	1	0.74 (0.37–1.47)	0.78 (0.39–1.54)	0.73 (0.38–1.40)	0.40
CQI
No.of cases/controls (152/160)	43/35	40/38	31/47	38/40
Crude	1	0.95 (0.51–1.77)	0.52 (0.26–1.02)	0.82 (0.45–1.51)	0.28
Model 1	1	0.96 (0.51–1.78)	0.52 (0.26–1.02)	0.83 (0.45–1.53)	0.29
Model 2		1.03 (0.53–1.99)	0.59 (0.29–1.20)	0.87 (0.46–1.66)	0.41

^aTrend based on median values of each quartile

^bModel 1: Adjusted for age, energy and residential place

^cModel 2: further adjusted for oral contraceptive use, parity, marital status, family history of breast cancer, BMI (continuous), and physical activity