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. 2021 Nov 22;22(22):12610. doi: 10.3390/ijms222212610

Table 2.

Immortalized/transformed cell lines

Cell Line Tissue Origin and Morphology References CNF1 Described Effects CNF1 Preparation
HMEC-1
(Human Microvascular Endothelial Cell line-1)
hu dermal endothelium, immortalized (SV40 T-antigen), endothelial-like [67]
  • stress fiber formation

  • ZO-1, VE-cadherin and β-catenin increase

  • stronger interendothelial adhesion

  • transendothelial permeability reduction

  • decrease of monocyte transmigration through HMEC-1 monolayer

recombinant, GST fusion protein
HEK 293
(Human Embryonic Kidney 293)
hu embryonic kidney, transformed, tumorigenic, epithelial [11] *
[9] ‡
  • Cdc42 sustained activation

  • Rho depletion

  • proteasome-dependent Rac1 depletion

  • actin filopodia formation

  • transient increase in JNK activity

recombinant,
* purified by chromatography
‡ GST fusion protein
HEK 293T
(Human Embryonic Kidney 293T)
hu embryonic kidney, transformed, HEK 293 derivative expressing SV40 T-antigen, epithelial [68]
  • NF-κB activation and IL-8 expression dependent on Rac2 activation and Rip1 and Rip2 adaptor proteins

recombinant, His-tagged protein
HBMEC-60
(Human Bone Marrow Endothelial Cell line-60)
hu bone marrow, immortalized (HPV16 E6/E7), endothelial [69]
  • decrease of pRBC cytoadherence of P. falciparum (prebinding assay)

  • reversing of pRBC cytoadherence of P. falciparum (postbinding assay)

recombinant, purified by chromatography
HBEC-5i
(Human Brain Endothelial Cell line-5i)
hu brain cerebral cortex, immortalized (SV40 T-antigen), endothelial [22,69]
  • RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 activation

  • stress fiber and filopodia formation

  • cell spreading and flattening

  • decrease of cell motility

  • decrease of pRBC cytoadherence of P. falciparum (pre-binding assay)

  • reversing of pRBC cytoadherence of P. falciparum (post-binding assay)

  • ICAM-1 decreased expression

  • counteraction of the pRBCs-induced monolayer permeability

recombinant, purified by chromatography
SV-HUC-1 hu ureter, immortalized (SV40 T-antigen), epithelial [27] multinucleation recombinant, His-tagged protein
MesEnd
(Mesenteric Endothelial)
mouse mesenteric microvascular, immortalized (SV40 T-antigen), [70]
  • Rac1, Cdc42, and RhoA activation

  • stress fiber formation

recombinant, GST fusion protein
MyEnd
(Myocardial Endothelial)
mouse microvascular myocardial, immortalized (SV40 T-antigen) [70,71,72]
  • Rac1 and Cdc42 activation

  • increase in filaments in the junction-associated actin belt

  • decrease in monolayer permeability

  • Rac1-dependent redistribution of cortactin and VASP to cell border

  • VASP localization to cell junction

  • VASP colocalization with VE-cadherin and ZO-1

  • cortactin redistribution to cell borders

recombinant, GST fusion protein
HaCaT hu skin, spontaneously immortalized, keratinocyte [73]
  • strengthening of the peripheral junction-associated actin belt

  • abrogation of PV-IgG-induced loss of cell adhesion

  • block of PV-IgG-mediated Dsg3 fragmentation

  • block of PV-IgG-mediated actin remodeling

not specified
NIH 3T3 mouse embryonic, spontaneously immortalized, fibroblasts [6,33,37,74]
  • RhoA, RhoB, Rac1, and Cdc42 activation

  • RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 depletion

  • Rac-dependent increase in RhoB protein level

  • lamellipodia formation

  • multinucleation

  • DNA synthesis stimulation

  • cytotoxicity

  • c-Myc expression

  • Rac1-c-Myc-dependent increase in RhoB expression (protein and mRNA)

  • Rac1-c-Myc-dependent activation of RhoB promoter

recombinant, GST fusion protein
3T3-Swiss albino mouse embryo, spontaneously immortalized, fibroblasts [53]
  • cytotoxicity

  • binucleation

recombinant, His-tagged protein
3T3-L1 mouse embryo, substrain of 3T3-Swiss albino, preadipocytes
fibroblasts
[75]
  • stress fiber formation

  • cell spreading

  • multinucleation

  • block in cell proliferation

  • block of differentiation (adipogenesis):
    • block of the induction of PPARγ and C/EBPα expression
    • maintaining of elevated levels of Pref1/Dlk1 and β-catenin
  • downregulation of Notch1 protein expression

recombinant, His-tagged protein
C2C12 mouse muscle, spontaneously immortalized, myoblast [76]
  • Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 activation

  • stress fiber formation

  • myotube formation impairment

  • Rho-dependent downregulation of MHC, MyoD and myogenin expression in differentiation medium (protein and mRNA)

recombinant, purified by chromatography
Vero monkey kidney, spontaneously immortalized, epithelial [5,11,56]
  • Rho sustained activation

  • Rac1 and Cdc42 depletion

  • stress fiber formation

  • limited membrane ruffles

  • cell spreading

recombinant, purified by chromatography
MDCK
(Madin-Darby Canine Kidney)
dog kidney, spontaneously immortalized, epithelial [77]
  • increased P. aeruginosa internalization

  • ZO-1 dislocation from tight junctions to cytoplasm

  • E-cadherin aberrant redistribution in both apical and basolateral membranes

recombinant, GST fusion protein
PAE (p23 clone)
(Porcine Aorta-derived Endothelial)
pig aorta [78]
  • transient activation of RhoA

  • sustained activation of Rac1 ana Cdc42

  • Cdc42-dependent assembly of F-actin in podosomes

recombinant, GST fusion protein

* purified by chromatography; ‡ GST fusion protein