Table 3.
Characteristics of subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
| Group | Red | Blue | Green | Yellow | p Value * |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 112 | 81 | 90 | 100 | - |
| Male sex, % (n) | 47.3 (53) | 60.5 (49) | 61.1 (55) | 55.0 (55) | 0.172 |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 67.5 (10.9) | 66.2 (10.9) | 68.2 (9.5) | 64.8 (10.9) | 0.122 |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 24.1 (4.0) | 25.0 (4.9) | 23.8 (3.6) | 24.2 (3.8) | 0.295 |
| Duration of diabetes, years, mean (SD) | 14.8 (10.1) | 13.6 (9.3) | 15.1 (11.7) | 12.2 (8.8) | 0.164 |
| Family history of diabetes, % (n) | 46.4 (52) | 40.7 (33) | 37.8 (34) | 53 (53) | 0.16 |
| Habitual alcohol intake, % (n) | 5.4 (6) | 13.6 (11) | 5.6 (5) | 18 (18) | 0.006 |
| Smoking status | 0.403 | ||||
| Nonsmoker, % (n) | 66.1 (74) | 51.9 (42) | 60 (54) | 57 (57) | |
| Past smoker, % (n) | 25 (28) | 28.4 (23) | 25.6 (23) | 29 (29) | |
| Current smoker, % (n) | 8.9 (10) | 19.8 (16) | 14.4 (13) | 14 (14) | |
| Exercise, % (n) | 42 (47) | 50.6 (41) | 44.4 (40) | 54 (54) | 0.293 |
| Neuropathy, % (n) | 24.1 (27) | 28.4 (23) | 24.4 (22) | 21 (21) | 0.721 |
| Retinopathy, % (n) | 23.2 (26) | 22.2 (18) | 27.8 (25) | 12 (12) | 0.052 |
| Nephropathy, % (n) | 43.8 (49) | 49.4 (40) | 44.4 (40) | 35 (35) | 0.252 |
| History of cardiovascular disease, % (n) | 18.8 (21) | 12.4 (10) | 18.9 (17) | 6 (6) | 0.025 |
| Medication use | |||||
| Sulfonylurea, % (n) | 25 (28) | 16.1 (13) | 24.4 (22) | 24 (24) | 0.452 |
| Glinide, % (n) | 16.1 (18) | 7.4 (86) | 3.3 (3) | 4 (4) | 0.002 |
| Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, % (n) | 59.8 (67) | 43.2 (35) | 54.4 (49) | 42 (42) | 0.029 |
| Biguanide, % (n) | 40.2 (45) | 45.7 (37) | 27.8 (25) | 49 (49) | 0.019 |
| Thiazolidinedione, % (n) | 6.3 (7) | 4.9 (4) | 3.3 (3) | 0 (0) | 0.096 |
| α-Glucosidase inhibitor, % (n) | 30.4 (34) | 6.2 (5) | 4.4 (4) | 4 (4) | <0.001 |
| Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, % (n) | 14.3 (16) | 23.5 (19) | 15.6 (14) | 13 (13) | 0.238 |
| Glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, % (n) | 12.5 (14) | 14.8 (12) | 16.7 (15) | 21 (21) | 0.398 |
| Insulin, % (n) | 26.8 (30) | 23.5 (19) | 25.6 (23) | 17 (17) | 0.355 |
| Renin angiotensin system inhibitor, % (n) | 48.2 (54) | 48.2 (39) | 45.6 (41) | 36 (36) | 0.258 |
| Calcium channel blocker, % (n) | 32.1 (36) | 25.9 (21) | 31.1 (28) | 23 (23) | 0.427 |
| Diuretic, % (n) | 13.4 (15) | 11.1 (9) | 7.8 (7) | 8 (8) | 0.488 |
| α blocker, % (n) | 1.8 (2) | 7.4 (6) | 6.7 (6) | 1 (1) | 0.045 |
| β blocker, % (n) | 9.8 (11) | 6.2 (5) | 5.6 (5) | 2 (2) | 0.124 |
| Statin, % (n) | 42.0 (47) | 40.7 (3) | 36.7 (33) | 35 (35) | 0.71 |
| Fibrate, % (n) | 2.7 (3) | 9.9 (8) | 2.2 (2) | 3 (3) | 0.038 |
| Eicosapentaenoic acid, % (n) | 7.1 (8) | 2.5 (2) | 1.1 (1) | 6 (6) | 0.133 |
| Ezetimibe, % (n) | 2.7 (3) | 7.4 (6) | 2.2 (2) | 0 (0) | 0.282 |
BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation. * Kruskal–Wallis test was applied.