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Ceramides as mediators behind NAFLD-ATS pathogenesis development. insulin resistance (IR); tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α); interleukin-6 (IL-6); free fatty acids (FFAs); diacylglycerol (DAG); triglycerides (TG); very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL); low-density lipoproteins (LDL); oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL); sphingomyelinases (SMase); endoplasmic reticulum (ER); reactive oxygen species (ROS).
