Reverse osmosis (RO)	A method of separating water from dissolved salts by passing feed water through a semipermeable membrane at a pressure greater than the osmotic pressure caused by the dissolved salts.
Multi-stage flash evaporation (MSF)	A desalination process where a stream of brine flows through the bottom of chambers, or stages, each operating at a successively lower pressure and a proportions of it flashes into stream and is then condensed.
Multiple effect distillation (MED)	A thin film evaporation process where the vapor formed in a chamber, or effect con-denses in the next, providing a heat source for further evaporation.
Biofouling	Condition caused when bacteria growth forms a deposit on a filter membrane or heat transfer surface.
Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO)	PRO, proposed by Sidney Loeb, is a method of recovering the concentration difference (osmotic pressure) of energy using a separation membrane.
Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO)	Desalination of seawater using reverse osmosis (RO) membrane.
High recovery SWRO system	High yield of permeate water from the feed seawater in SWRO system.
Green desalination	No chemical or less chemical system in SWRO system to save marine pollution and chemical cleaning of the plant.
“Mega-SWRO”	Large plants of the mega-ton per day scale (500,000 to 1,000,000 m3/day)
SWRO-PRO hybrid system	New energy recovery system from the brine of SWRO with the treated wastewater to use the salinity difference.
Brine concentration	SWRO needs the new technology for zero liquid discharge (ZLD) and precious material recovery from the brine SWRO plants.
“Mega-ton Water System” project	This project was funded by a grant from the Japanese Society of the Promotion of Science (JSPS).
GCC countries	UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Oman, and Bahrain
SEC	Specific energy consumption of the plant system (SEC: kWh/m3).
Renewable energy	Solar power and wind power energies.
BCS	Brine conversion system reducing the footprint, power, and cost of SWRO plants by high recovery operations.