Figure 7.

R-Pro19-3D regulates LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine release in vitro. Dose-dependent inhibitory effects by peptides on (A) nitrite, (B) TNF-α, and (C) IL-6 levels in LPS-challenged RAW 264.7 cells. Cells were treated with peptides (0–50 µM) for 1 h followed by LPS stimulation (20 ng/mL) for 16 h. Statistics was performed using two-way analysis of variance with Dunnett’s test. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (3 independent experiments). Comparisons * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and ns, non-significant compared with LPS control.