Table 5.
Clinical trials on the effect of resistant starch on various health markers.
| Reference | Resistant Starch | Patients | Dosage [g/Day] | Time and Type of Study | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [166] | MSPrebiotic® | 24 females, 18 males (age ≥ 70) and 25 females, 17 males (age 30–50) | 30 g/day | 3 months/RCT study | Significant reduction of insulin resistance, which is an important risk factor for developing type-2 diabetes. |
| [167] | RS2: Hi-maize 260, National Starch LLC | 56 females with type 2 diabetes (age 32–65) | 10 g/day | 8 weeks/RCT study | Significantly decreased levels of MDA, glycosylated hemoglobin, insulin, improved homeostasis model of insulin resistance and lowered endotoxins levels, a significant increase in TAC and glutathione peroxidase |
| [168] | Cross-linked RS type 4 | 7 females, 6 males (age 22–32, BMI 22–28) | 27 g/day | 1 day/ RCT study |
Peak glucose and insulin concentrations in subjects were decreased |
| [169] | VERSAFIBE™ 2470 | 14 males, 14 females (age 24–58) | 11.6 g/day | 1 day/ RCT study |
Significant reduction in postprandial serum glucose and decrease in maximum glucose concentration. Reduced postprandial serum insulin. |
| [170] | High-amylose maize type 2 resistant starch | 11 males, 22 females (age 18–69, BMI < 35) | 15, 30 g/day | 4 weeks/ RCT study |
Improved insulin sensitivity in male subjects. |
| [171] | High-amylose maize (RS2) | 20 males, 39 females (BMI ≥ 27, age 35–75) | 45 g/day | 12 weeks/ RCT study |
Reduced the inflammatory marker TNF-α and heart rate, but no significant improvement of glycemic control and other cardiovascular disease risk factors |
| [172] | RS4-enriched flour (30% v/v) | 86 adults (gender not specified) | 25.7 g/day | 12 weeks/RCT study | No significant effect for glycemic variables and blood pressures. Improved dyslipidemia (lowered cholesterol levels) and body composition. |
| [173] (Meta-analysis) |
Resistant starch | 13 studies, 15–75 subjects per study | - | 4–14 weeks | Improved inflammatory biomarkers |
| [35] (Meta-analysis) |
Resistant starch | 19 studies, 1014 subjects in total | - | - | Significant reduction in fasting plasma glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. |
| [174] | HAM-(RS2) | 16 males, 8 females (BMI = 30, average age 55) | 25 g | 57 days | Improved glycemic efficiency and fasting insulin sensitivity in adults at increased risk of T2D |
| [175] | Resistant starch | 19 males, 31 females (age > 50, overweight) | 25 g | 12 months | Glycemic control in prediabetic patients was unaffected by RS-rich diet in contrast to the regular fibre rich diet. |
| [176] | Resistant starch in form of cocoa and unripe banana flour beverage | 60 females (age 20–50) | 30 g | 6 weeks | Decreased the symptoms of dyspepsia, improved gastrointestinal symptoms, and increased production of propionic acid. The cocoa beverage showed an anti-inflammatory effect. |
| [177] | Arabinoxylan and resistant starch | 14 males, 5 females (age 39–75) | 21 g | 4 weeks | Improved fasting LDL and total cholesterol. No diet related impact on postprandial lipaemia. |
| [36] | Milk powder co-supplemented with inulin and resistant dextrin | 38 males, 61 females (age 45–70) | 45 g | 12 weeks | Supplementation improved glycemic control, insulin resistance, and blood pressure. |
| [178] | Resistant starch Hi-Maize® | 18 males, 13 females (age 42–65) | 16 g | 4 weeks | Supplementation improved inflammation and oxidative stress and reduced indoxyl sulfate plasma levels |
| [179] | HAM-resistant starch type 2 | 28 males, 16 females (age 41–74) | 25 g | 8 weeks | Significant reduction of levels of inflammatory and oxidative markers in hemodialysis patients |
| [180] | HAM-resistant starch type 2 | 29 males, 21 females (age 43–71) | 25 g | 8 weeks | Decreased serum levels of serum creatinine and p-cresol |
| [181] | Resistant starch (potato starch and high-amylase starch) | 39 males, 31 females (age 18–80) | 50 g | 12 weeks | Improvement of the blood glucose and blood lipid levels, decrease in the serum uric acid (UA) and urine β2-MG, and reduced antioxidative stress |
| [182] | Green banana biomass | 26 males, 87 females (age 18–85) | 40 g (approx. 5 g of resistant starch) | 24 weeks | Consumption of bioactive starches can improve metabolic control and body composition |