Table 2.
Case series of patients diagnosed with CVAD following COVID-19.
| Authors, Year | Dani et al. [16], 2021 | Johansson et al. [10], 2021 | Blitshteyn et al. [56], 2021 | Shouman et al. [25], 2021 | Wallukat et al. [57], 2021 | Goodman et al. [58], 2021 | Overall |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size | 5 | 3 | 20 | 20 | 7 | 6 | 61 |
| Age | 43 | 36 | 42 | 44 | 45 | 45 | 42 |
| Female sex | 100% | 33% | 70% | 70% | 57% | 67% | 69% |
| CVAD (n) | OI (4) rTC (1) |
POTS (3) | POTS (15), NCS (3), OH (3) |
OH (14) POTS (6) |
POTS (7) | POTS (4), OH (1), PHTN (3) | POTS 69% of cases |
| Palpitations, tachycardia | 60% | 67% | 80% | 15% | 57% | 67% | 58% |
| Fatigue | 60% | 67% | 60% | 55% | 43% | 100% | 64% |
| Vertigo a | 40% | 67% | 25% | 100% | 0% | 100% | 55% |
| Dyspnea | 20% | 67% | 45% | 45% | 0% | 83% | 43% |
| Presyncope | 20% | 67% | 15% | 5% | 0% | 83% | 32% |
| Chest pain | 20% | 67% | 15% | 25% | 0% | 50% | 30% |
| Headache | 0% | 67% | 15% | 40% | 0% | 67% | 31% |
| Brain fog b | 0% | 67% | 5% | 25% | 14% | 0% | 19% |
| Sleep disturbances | 0% | 67% | 0% | 20% | 0% | 0% | 15% |
CVAD, cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction; NCS, non-cardiogenic syncope; OH, orthostatic hypotension; OI, Orthostatic intolerance; PHTN, postural hypertension; POTS, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome; rTC, reactive tachycardia. All patients were assessed by clinical evaluation, except for one (Dani et al.) who was interviewed by phone call. Exact assessment timing was not reported in Dani et al., Wallukat et al. Among all studies that reported it, mean time at assessment was 4–5 months after acute COVID-19. Among all studies, POTS was diagnosed in 69% of patients. The study by Townsend et al. [33] was not included in this table for lack of information concerning the patients’ symptoms and diagnoses. a includes all patients reporting vertigo, lightheadedness, and/or dizziness. b includes all patients reporting brain fog and/or difficulty concentrating.