Table 2.

Advantages and disadvantages of the main preclinical mouse models (CDX; PDX; syngeneic; and GEMMs model).

	Advantages	Disadvantages
CDX Model	Human-derived cell line allows a more stable setting New possible treatment options can be studied more easily	Use of immunodeficient mice, which lack immune system microenvironment Differences from the original tumor tissue
PDX Model	Provides realistic tumor heterogeneity Permits studies about drug sensitivity and potential prediction markers	Use of immunodeficient mice, which lack immune system microenvironment
Syngeneic Model	Use of fully immunocompetent host mice Permits studies of new therapeutical options involving the immune system	Murine tumor does not always mimic human tumors Limited number of cells lines, certain tumors are under-represented
GEMMs Model	Genomic alteration allows study of the mechanism underlying tumor development Preservation of human stromal and molecular elements Useful to validate candidate cancer genes and drug targets	Not always able to reproduce the genomic complexity of human tumors Low penetrance and very long in vivo drug testing experiments