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. 2021 Nov 10;14(22):6759. doi: 10.3390/ma14226759

Table 1.

Summary of information of typical luminescent conductive gels involved in this review.

No. Gel Type Network a Dispersing Medium b Conductive Species Electrical Parameter Luminescent Species λex/λem (nm) c Application Ref.
1 supramolecular bulk organogel graphic file with name materials-14-06759-i001.jpg AN (PPV4),
EG (PPV3–5),
EtOH/H2O (PPV1–7),
MeOH/H2O (PPV3–5),
PrOH/H2O (PPV3–5),
t-BuOH/H2O (PPV3–5)		 PPV1–7 Resistance (Ω) (10V) (xerogel):
1.1 × 107 (PPV1)
3.5 × 107 (PPV2)
4.7 × 107 (PPV3)
9.1 × 107 (PPV4)
2.7 × 107 (PPV5)
4.0 × 107 (PPV6)		 PPV1–7 470/~600 (PPV4) (EtOH/H2O) - [87]
2 supramolecular bulk organogel graphic file with name materials-14-06759-i002.jpg toluene DNPC Conductivity (S·cm−1):
2.16 × 10−6 (C-AFM), 1.92 × 10−6 (FPC)		 DNPC 420/~546 - [81]
3 supramolecular bulk organogel graphic file with name materials-14-06759-i003.jpg hexane, decane, dodecane, hexadecane PPV1–5 Hole mobility (cm2·V−1·s−1) (80 V):
3.07 × 10−3 (TPV2); 3.19 × 10−3 (TPV3); 3.30 × 10−3 (TPV4); 3.47 × 10−3 (TPV5)		 PPV1–5 -/~433 Fe2+ sensing, pollen grains imaging [88]
4 supramolecular bulk xerogel graphic file with name materials-14-06759-i004.jpg air πCOG, C60COOH Photocurrent (μA):
~4.5		 πCOG -/~530 - [89]
5 supramolecular bulk organogel graphic file with name materials-14-06759-i005.jpg DMF Li+, Cd2+, OH−, CH3COO−, CADL Conductivity (S cm−1):
4.06 × 10−4
Resistance (Ω):
1724		 CADL 378/~475 - [82]
6 supramolecular bulk hydrogel graphic file with name materials-14-06759-i006.jpg H2O Li+, Zn2+, OH−, NO3−, H4T–L–tyr,
Au nanoparticle (NP)		 Conductivity (S·cm−1):
5.05 × 10−3 		H4T–L–tyr -/~420 catalysis [90]
7 supramolecular bulk organogel graphic file with name materials-14-06759-i007.jpg DMF Li+, OH−, H2PSL Resistance (Ω):
7.4 × 103 		H2PSL 320/~472 - [91]
8 supramolecular bulk hydrogel graphic file with name materials-14-06759-i008.jpg H2O M+, Zn2+, OH−, NO3−, o–H4TEP Conductivity (S cm−1):
1.36 × 10−2 (MH–Li); 1.44 × 10−2 (MH–Na); 1.53 × 10−2 (MH–K); 1.60 × 10−2 (MH–Cs)
Resistance (Ω):
237 (MH–Li); 137(MH–Na); 92 (MH–K); 75 (MH–Cs)		 o–H4TEP 363/~500 - [92]
9 supramolecular micro-hydrogel SnO2 + chemically converted graphene (CCG) H2O CCG Conductivity (S·cm−1):
350		 rhodamine B 555/~573 DNA detection [93]
10 supramolecular bulk hydrogel nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) H2O NG - luminol - Escherichia coli sensing [94]
11 polymeric bulk hydrogel polyaniline (PAni) + phytic acid (PA) H2O PAni, PA - N-(aminobutyl)-N-(ethylisoluminol) (ABEI) - Live cell H2O2 detection [95]
12 polymeric bulk hydrogel PAni + poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) H2O PAni, AuNP Resistance (Ω):
24		 luminol, CdTe, quantum dot (QD) - cytosensor [96]
13 supramolecular bulk hydrogel graphene H2O graphene, AuNP - carbon dot (CD) 410/~517 cytosensor, glucose transporter 4 expression evaluation [83]
14 polymeric bulk hydrogel PAni + ATMP H2O PAni - ABEI - xanthine detection [26]
15 polymeric bulk hydrogel BSA + Au/Ag nanocluster (NC) H2O Na+, K+, PO43−, Cl−, NO3− - Au/Ag NC 500/~620 detection of glutathione (GSH) [97]
16 supramolecular bulk hydrogel AuAXP nanocluster (NC) + Ca2+ H2O Ca2+, Cl− - AuAXP NC ~500 nm ECL detection of calmodulin [98]
17 supramolecular bulk hydrogel Ag-melamine metal-organic gel (Ag-MOG) H2O Ag-MOG - Tri(2,2’-bipyridyl)dichlororuthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+);dichlorotris (1,10-phenanthroline) ruthenium (II) (Ru(phen)32+) - DNA detection [99]
18 supramolecular bulk hydrogel Au NP H2O graphite-like carbon nitride (g-C3N4), Au NP - Au NP ~465 ECL Zika Virus DNA detection [100]
19 supramolecular bulk hydrogel Ag9 NC H2O Ag9 NC Resistance (Ω):
586		 Ag9 NC 234/~575 methyltransferase Assay [101]
20 supramolecular bulk hydrogel tris(4,4′-dicarboxylicacid-2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium (II) dichloride (Ru(dcbpy)32+) + 4′-(4-carboxyphenyl)-2,2′:6′,2′’-terpyridine (Hcptpy) + Tb3+ H2O Tb3+, Ru2+, Cl−, NO3− - Ru(dcbpy)32+, Tb complex -/~608.4;
~679 ECL		 epinephrine detection [102]
21 Supramolecular bulk aerogel MoS2 nanosheet (NS) air MoS2 NS Resistance (Ω):
115		 polydopamine NP with phenylboronic acid (PBA) (PDA-PBA NP) -/~457 (PDA-PBA NP);
~600, 562, 552 ECL (PDA-PBA NP)		 MiRNA-126 detection [103]
22 polymeric bulk organogel poly(ethyl acrylate-r-styrene-r-divinylbenzene) (PEA-r-PS-r-PDVB) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide ([EMI][TFSI]) [EMI][TFSI] Resistance (Ω):
77,520		 Ru(bpy)3(PF6)2 ~612 ECL wearable ionoskin [104]
23 polymeric bulk organogel poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (P(VDF-co-HFP)) 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([AMI][TFSI] including [EMI][TFSI], [BMI][TFSI], [HMI][TFSI], and [DMI][TFSI]) [AMI][TFSI] Conductivity (S·cm−1):
2.5 × 10−3 ([EMI][TFSI]); 1.5 × 10−3 ([BMI][TFSI]); 0.60 × 10−3 ([HMI][TFSI]); 0.28 × 10−3 ([DMI][TFSI])
Resistance (Ω):
226 ([EMI][TFSI])
381 ([BMI][TFSI])
939 ([HMI][TFSI])
2018 ([DMI][TFSI])		 2,2′-bipyridyl-bis[2-(2′,4′-difluorophenyl)pyridine]-iridium(III) hexafluorophosphate Ir(diFppy)2(bpy)PF6; Ru(bpy)3(PF6)2 green ECL;
red ECL		 display material [105]
24 polymeric bulk organogel poly(4-vinyl pyridine) (P4VP) pyridine P4VP Resistance (MΩ)
9–10 (after 385 nm radiation)		 P4VP 280/~364, 440 - [106]
25 polymeric bulk xerogel poly(N-[5-(8-hydroxyquinoline)methyl]aniline) (PNQA) + V2O5 air PNQA Conductivity (S·cm−1) (after aging):
3.1×10−3 		PNQA 373/~471 - [107]
26 polymeric bulk organogel poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide ([Bmim][N(Tf)2]) [Bmim][N(Tf)2] Conductivity (S·cm−1)
10−3 		[(Bu’2bpy)Pt(C≡CC6H4tpy)][Eu(hfac)3]2 310/~616 - [108]
27 polymeric bulk organogel poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N-vinylcarbazole) (P(NVC-co-NIPA)) dioxane P(NVC-co-NIPA) Conductivity (S·cm−1) (treated by CAN):
0.017 (S1); 0.19 (S2); 0.20 (S3); 0.22 (S4); 0.25 (S5); 0.43 (S6)		 P(NVC-co-NIPA) 300/- (S1); 300/~373 (S2); 300/~373 (S3);
300/~380, 410 (S4); 300/~380, 410 (S5); 300/~420 (S6)		 - [109]
28 polymeric bulk hydrogel La-cholate/poly(acrylamimde) double network H2O La3+, Na+, CH3COO−, Cl− Conductivity (S·cm−1):
3 × 10−3 		La complex -/~430 strain sensor [110]
29 polymeric bulk organogel poly(MMA–HEMA) PC-γ-GBL mixture TBABF4 - TPETPAOMe BTOTPAOMe -/~505; -/~551 electrofluorechromic devices [111]

a network composition of gel; b some abbreviations of solvents: AN: acetonitrile, EG: ethylene glycol; MeOH: methanol; EtOH: ethanol; PrOH: propanol, t-BuOH: n-butanol, DMF: N,N-dimethylformamide, PC: propylene carbonate, γ-GBL: γ-butyrolactone; c λex: excitation wavelength (for fluorescence), λem: emission wavelength at maximum intensity of main band (for fluorescence).