Table 2.
Summary of the on-chip EVs detection techniques and reported limits of detection.
| Sensor Type | Isolation Principle | Minimum Detection Limit | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fluorescence | Quantification of fluorescence signal | 6.56 × 107 EVs mL−1 | [74] |
| Colorimetric | Absorbance measurement of the colorimetric solution | 1.35 × 105 EVs mL−1 | [78] |
| Magnetic | Nuclear magnetic resonance | 4.39 × 103 EVs mL−1 | [93] |
| Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) | Resonant oscillation of the electrons stimulated by the incident light at the interface between a negative and a positive dielectric constant material | 105 EVs mL−1 | [85] |
| Electrochemical | Measurement of the electric current caused by the oxidation or reduction reactions | 106 EVs mL−1 | [87] |
| Immunoaffinity | Affinity-based isolation | 24 × 106 EVs mL−1 | [42] |