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. 2021 Nov 19;10(11):3249. doi: 10.3390/cells10113249

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Exposure to butyrate significantly promotes beta cell maturation in a- and time-dependent manner. Relative gene expression of insulin (INS) (A,D), glucagon (GCG) (B,E), pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1) (C,F), NK6 homeobox 1 (NKX6.1) (G), neurogenin 3 (NGN3) (H), and aldolase fructose-bisphosphate B (ALDOB) (I) assessed by RT-qPCR in NPICCs. (A–C) NPICCs were treated with 100–2000 µM butyrate for six days, (D–F) 1000 µM butyrate for one to eight days and (G–I) 1000 µM butyrate for six days. Cells incubated without butyrate were used as controls. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three to six independent experiments. * p  <  0.05, ** p  <  0.01, *** p  <  0.001 and **** p  <  0.0001 vs. control groups.