Figure 3.

GPR41 and GPR43 are not involved in up-regulation of insulin gene expression by butyrate. (A) Expression of GPR41 (119 bp) (lanes 1, 2), GPR43 (197 bp) (lanes 3, 4) and GAPDH (lanes 5, 6) in NPICCs assessed by RT-PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis. Samples without reverse transcriptase (−) were included as controls (B) NPICCs were cultured in B-IC medium with 1000 µM butyrate for six days containing GPR41 inhibitor (5 mM β-hydroxybutyrate, BHB), or GPR43 inhibitor (200 nM GPLG0974) or both as indicated. The mRNA levels of INS, GCG and PDX1 were examined by RT-qPCR. Cells without butyrate exposure were used as controls. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments. * p  <  0.05 vs. control group. ns = not significant.