Table 1.
Phytochemicals or plants and their target mechanism via AMPK activation in diabetes [54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,85,86,87,88].
| # | Phytochemicals or Plants | Target Regulating Mechanisms | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Areca nut procyanidin | PEPCK and G6Pase | [54] |
| 2 | Dieckol | SOD, CAT, and GSH-px | [55] |
| 3 | Pterosin A | PEPCK | [56] |
| 4 | Saffron | MAPK | [57] |
| 5 | Berberine | PEPCK and G6Pase, FAS, FoxO1, SREBP1, ChREBP | [58,59,60] |
| 6 | Aloe | Adiponectin and leptin | [61] |
| 7 | Larix laricina K. Koch | GLUT4 | [62,63] |
| 8 | Resveratrol and Piceatannol | PEPCK and G6Pase | [64,65,66] |
| 9 | Baicalein | IRS1/PI3K/Akt, SREBP1c | [67] |
| 10 | Momordica charantia | iNOS, NFκB, IL-1β | [68] |
| 11 | Tangeretin | Adipocytokines | [70] |
| 12 | Octaphlorethol A | Glut4 translocation, Akt | [71] |
| 13 | Chlorogenic acid | Glut4 translocation, CAMKKβ | [72,73] |
| 14 | Ginsenoside Rg1 | Glut4 expression | [74] |
| 15 | Osthole | AMP: ATP ratio | [75] |
| 16 | Arctigenin | Glucose uptake | [76,77] |
| 17 | Malva verticillata | Glucose uptake | [78,79] |
| 18 | Karanjin | Glut4 translocation | [80] |
| 19 | ReishiMax | SREBP1c and C/EBPα | [81] |
| 20 | Prunus yedoensis leaf extract | p38 MAPK | [82,83] |
| 21 | Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb. (Compositae) | PGC-1α, PEPCK, G6Pase | [85] |
| 22 | Nigella sativa seed | Glut4 expression | [86] |
| 23 | Capsaicin | Adiponectin | [87] |
| 24 | Tang-Min-Ling | Glut4 expression | [88] |
PEPCK: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; G6Pase: Glucose 6-phosphatase; AMPK: Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; CAT: Catalase; GSH-px; Glutathione peroxidase; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; FAS: Fatty acid synthase; FoxO1: Forkhead box protein O1; SREBP1: Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1; ChREBP: Carbohydrate response element binding protein; GLUT4: Glucose transporter type 4; IRS1: Insulin receptor substrate 1; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; Akt: RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase; SREBP1c: sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; NFκB: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; IL-1β: interleukin-1beta; CAMKKβ: Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase beta; AMP: Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein; ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; C/EBPα: CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein alpha; PGC-1α: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha.