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. 2021 Nov 18;14(22):6968. doi: 10.3390/ma14226968

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Example of force–displacement cycles with applied mono-harmonic force: (a) mono-harmonic force at 1 Hz with preload of 6 kN, full cycle; (b) mono-harmonic force at 1 Hz with preload of 6 kN, detailed presentations in the displacement range of 0 ÷ 0.05 mm (upper plot) and 0.05 ÷ 0.1 mm (lower plot); (c) mono-harmonic force at 5 Hz with preload of 18 kN, full cycle; (d) mono-harmonic force at 5 Hz with preload of 18 kN, detailed presentations in the displacement range of 0 ÷ 0.04 mm (upper plot) and 0.04 ÷ 0.08 mm (lower plot). Both tests are performed with a dynamical amplitude of 5 kN.

Example of force–displacement cycles with applied mono-harmonic force: (a) mono-harmonic force at 1 Hz with preload of 6 kN, full cycle; (b) mono-harmonic force at 1 Hz with preload of 6 kN, detailed presentations in the displacement range of 0 ÷ 0.05 mm (upper plot) and 0.05 ÷ 0.1 mm (lower plot); (c) mono-harmonic force at 5 Hz with preload of 18 kN, full cycle; (d) mono-harmonic force at 5 Hz with preload of 18 kN, detailed presentations in the displacement range of 0 ÷ 0.04 mm (upper plot) and 0.04 ÷ 0.08 mm (lower plot). Both tests are performed with a dynamical amplitude of 5 kN.