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Spectra of the simulated vertical velocity of the rail obtained by the non-linear and linear models of unit length of the reference ERS subjected to a load simulating a train passage (ETR 500 coach at 72 km/h) and a dynamic force caused by a rail roughness with a wavelength of 120 mm (170 Hz) with an amplitude of 20 N: (a) spectra of the rail velocity; (b) spectra of the transmitted force. All spectra are calculated with a time window of 3 s.
