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. 2021 Nov 22;10(11):2890. doi: 10.3390/foods10112890

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(A). Statistical analyses of bioactive metabolites, by using the Metaboanalyst 4.0 software, illustrating the unsupervised PCA score plot of bioactive metabolites of dialysable digesta of stir-fried, boiled or raw African pumpkin leaves generated by UPLC-QTOF/MS analysis and the separation of three clusters. (B) Illustration of the PC 1 and PC2 loadings of bioactive metabolites generated by the UPLC-QTOF/MS analysis from the dialysable digesta of stir-fried, boiled and raw leaves responsible for the separation of three different clusters. (C) Supervised PLS-DA score plot showing separation of three clusters for dialysable digesta of stir-fried, boiled and raw leaves based on bioactive metabolites generated by the UPLC-QTOF/MS analysis. (D) Illustration of the PC 1 and PC2 loadings of PL-SA analysis. Bioactive metabolites generated by the UPLC-QTOF/MS analysis from the dialysable digesta of stir-fried, boiled and raw leaves responsible for the separation of three different clusters. (E) VIP scores of bioactive metabolites in PLS-DA. The most abundant compounds in the dialysable digesta of stir-fried, boiled and raw African pumpkin leaves are represented by their m/z values, retention times (min). The scoring of the variables, ranging from low to high numbers, is according to their importance. On the right, the coloured boxes indicate the relative concentration of the corresponding metabolites. A red colour indicates high level, and a blue colour indicates a low level. (F) Heat map. The coloured areas on the map correspond to concentrations of different bioactive metabolites present in the dialysable digesta of stir-fried, boiled or raw African pumpkin leaves. Bioactive metabolites are in rows, and different household cooking techniques are in columns. The red colour indicates high levels and the blue colour low levels. (G) showing the OPLS-DA loadings S-plot and the compounds responsible for the separation of dialysable digesta of stir-fried leaves from the boiled and raw leaves.