BEFV neutralization responses elicited by LSDV(∆SOD)BEFV-Gb-M (circles) and LSDV(SODis)BEFV-Gb-M (diamonds) in cattle. Two groups of cattle (n = 10) were inoculated subcutaneously with 105 TCID50 per animal and boosted with 5 × 104 TCID50 32 days later. The animals were bled at two-week intervals and the serum tested for neutralizing responses to BEFV. Scatter plots show neutralization responses to LSDV(∆SOD)BEFV-Gb-M (a) and LSDV(SODis)BEFV-Gb-M (b) over time; different colour shades indicate responses after one (lilac) or two (light blue) vaccinations or LSDV challenge (royal blue). (c–e) show comparative BEFV responses to LSDV(∆SOD)BEFV-Gb-M (circles) and LSDV(SODis)BEFV-Gb-M (diamonds) at 14, 30 and 169 dpb, respectively. dpb = days post boost. Statistical analyses were conducted using the Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparison test (a,b) and Mann–Whitney U test (c–e). Horizontal lines indicate median values. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001.