Table 4.

Uptake of vitamin D, including uptake from fortified foods.

First Author, Year, Ref.	Country, Population, Age	Fortified Food(s)	Estimated Daily Average Uptake (IU)			Serum 25(OH)D Levels (nmol/L)			Prevalence of Vitamin D Inadequacy
			Before	After	Diff.
Khadgawat 2013 [29]	India, children aged 10–14 years	Milk	NR	NR	+600	All: +30; Boys: +30; Girls: +30			NR
				NR	+1000	All: +42; Boys: +40; Girls: +42.5			NR
Black 2015 [37]	Ireland, adults aged 18–64 years	Fat spreads, milk	116 (Median)	140 (Median)	+24	Assuming + 2 per 20 IU: +2.4			NR
Raulio 2017 [38]	Finland, representative adult Finnish population	Milk products, fat spreads	Men, 25–44 y: 180	Men, 25–44 y: 444	+264	Assuming +2 per 20 IU: Men, 25–44 y: +13 Men, 45–64 y: +6.4 Women, 25–44 y: +10 Women, 45–64 y: +9.2			NR
			45–64: 276	45–64: 452	+176
			Women, 25–44: 132	Women, 25–44: 332	+200
			45–64: 164	45–64: 352	+188
Jaaskelainen 2017 [4]	Finland, ≥30 years	Milk products, fat spreads	Men: 280 Women: 280	Men: 560 Women: 480	+180 +200	48 → 65 (+ 17) Largest increases in those with previously lowest levels: +34 (<30); +24 (30−<50); +10 (≥50)			Men: 54.8% → 9.4%, Women: 56.5% → 8.9% 74% of men and 58% of women reached ≥400 IU/day from diet alone
Black 2012 [36]	NA (meta-analysis)	NA	NA	NA	+440 per 40	+19.4 +1.2			NR
Modelled effects of hypothetical fortification scenarios
McCourt 2020 [39]	Ireland, adults ≥ 50 years	Mostly (93%) milk, fat spreads, cereals	Milk: +36 Fat spreads: +8			NR
						Before	M2	M3	M4	M5
Shakur 2014 [40]	Canada, nationally representative, 51–70 years	Milk, yoghurt, cheese (uptake per serving in IU)	“Model 1”/M1: reference, no fortification, 0 M2: 50 (cheese + yoghurt), 108 (milk) M3: 150 (cheese + yoghurt + milk) M4: 270 (milk), 150 (cheese + yoghurt) M5: 270 (milk + cheese + yoghurt)			Men 80% Women 90%	70% 83%	<40% 60%	~25% 45%	15% 30%

Abbreviations: IU, International Units (40 IU = 1 µg); Diff., difference; l, liter; “→”, from … (before intervention) to … (after intervention); NR, not reported.